Varieti bahasa Inggeris - English language varieties

Bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa utama di banyak tempat, bahasa penting di tempat lain, dan dituturkan sebagai bahasa kedua di kebanyakan negara lain. Namun, terdapat beberapa perbezaan yang signifikan dalam sebutan, ejaan dan penggunaan kata di seluruh dunia. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan senarai beberapa perbezaan ini yang mungkin berguna bagi pelancong.

Negara-negara di dunia di mana bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa asli majoriti (biru) atau bahasa minoriti rasmi (pirus)

Bahasa Inggeris mempunyai banyak variasi di seluruh dunia, dan bahkan di negara yang sama. Kami telah berusaha untuk menutup perbezaan utama yang sering dihadapi oleh pelancong dalam membuat pengaturan praktikal, dan istilah yang mungkin menimbulkan kekeliruan dalam perbualan biasa. Oleh kerana ini adalah topik yang boleh berkembang menjadi ratusan halaman dengan panjang lebar, para penyumbang diminta untuk membincangkan penambahan pada halaman perbincangan sebelum membuat perubahan.

Patung bard kebangsaan Inggeris, William Shakespeare di Central Park di New York City

Perbezaan paling jelas adalah antara apa yang boleh disebut dengan longgar Inggeris (atau "Komanwel", disingkat "UK" dalam panduan ini) dan Orang Amerika (disingkat "A.S." dalam panduan ini) jenis bahasa Inggeris.

• Banyak bekas jajahan Inggeris (bukan semuanya anggota Komanwel) umumnya mengikuti penggunaan British daripada Amerika: Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Afrika Selatan dan bekas harta benda Britain yang lain di Afrika, Hong Kong, Singapura, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan harta benda Britain semasa dan bekas di Caribbean dan Oceania.
• Beberapa kawasan sangat dipengaruhi oleh AS dan secara amnya mengikuti penggunaan Amerika, termasuk Filipina, Liberia, Israel, Taiwan, Jepun, Korea Selatan, Vietnam, negara-negara Arab di Teluk, bahagian-bahagian Amerika Latin dan harta benda semasa dan bekas Amerika di Caribbean dan Oceania.
• Kesatuan Eropah telah mewajibkan bahasa Inggeris Inggeris (bukan "British" secara harfiah, melainkan ragam bahasa Inggeris yang digunakan di Cyprus, Ireland, Malta, dan UK) sebagai bahasa rasmi EU, dan biasanya bahasa Inggeris Inggeris yang biasa diajar sebagai bahasa asing di sekolah-sekolah Eropah, walaupun pengaruh budaya Amerika juga kuat di Eropah. Beberapa istilah Amerika mungkin lebih dikenali daripada rakan sejawatannya di Britain (misalnya, "lori" berbanding "lori", atau "kentang goreng" berbanding "kerepek"), dan beberapa sekolah bahasa di Eropah merekrut orang Amerika dan Kanada Guru Bahasa Inggeris. Secara umum ada kecenderungan untuk beralih dari ejaan dan pengucapan bahasa Inggeris ke arah ejaan dan pengucapan Amerika, terutama di kalangan orang muda, yang didorong sedikitpun oleh peningkatan ketersediaan media Amerika dalam versi aslinya.
• Penutur bahasa Inggeris tanpa latar belakang Inggeris dan orang-orang di kawasan yang tidak mempunyai sejarah pengaruh penjajah atau ketenteraan langsung oleh negara-negara berbahasa Inggeris sering kali lebih biasa dengan penggunaan Amerika kerana populariti filem A.S., siri TV, muzik, dan pemeriksa ejaan AS. Khususnya, kerana dominasi ekonomi dan ketenteraan AS di AS, di luar Komanwel dan Kesatuan Eropah, biasanya bahasa Inggeris Amerika diajarkan sebagai bahasa asing di sekolah.
• Kanada kebanyakannya mengikuti konvensi ejaan Inggeris ("buruh", bukan "buruh") tetapi kebanyakannya mengikuti pilihan perbendaharaan kata Amerika ("lif", bukan "lift") dan sebutan. Aksen Kanada yang paling biasa sangat dekat dengan loghat A.S. Barat Laut.
• Oleh kerana populariti filem Hollywood dan budaya pop Amerika di seluruh dunia, penutur bahasa Inggeris Inggeris lebih cenderung memahami istilah Inggeris Amerika daripada sebaliknya.
• Organisasi antarabangsa yang dianggotai oleh A.S. dan Inggeris (seperti Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu) biasanya mengikuti penggunaan Inggeris sebagai penghormatan kepada bahasa Inggeris "senior".

Beberapa pengecualian terhadap perlakuan bahasa Inggeris semata-mata dikotomatik dinyatakan dalam komen dalam jadual di bawah, tetapi panduan ini dimaksudkan sebagai bantuan praktikal untuk pelancong, bukan ringkasan penggunaan bahasa Inggeris yang lengkap.

Ejaan

Bergantung pada pelbagai bahasa Inggeris yang digunakan, ini adalah "trak kelabu" atau "lori kelabu".

Noah Webster, penyusun kamus utama Amerika Inggeris pada awal abad ke-19, membuat beberapa penyederhanaan dalam ejaan. Sebilangan daripadanya kini menjadi standard dalam varietas bahasa Inggeris Amerika, tetapi umumnya tidak digunakan pada yang lain.

Lihat Wikivoyage: Ejaan untuk perbincangan varian mana yang akan digunakan dalam artikel.

Bahasa Inggeris Inggeris menggandakan konsonan akhir dalam beberapa kata ketika menambahkan pengakhiran, misalnya dalam "pengembara". Bahasa Inggeris Amerika biasanya menyebutnya "pengembara".

Bahasa Inggeris Amerika meletakkan "U" dalam "-kami"pengakhiran:

Walau bagaimanapun, perkataan "glamour" selalu dieja dengan "U".

Perkataan yang dipinjam dari bahasa Perancis mengekalkan bahasa Perancis "-re"berakhir dengan Bahasa Inggeris Inggeris, tetapi berubah menjadi lebih fonetik"-er"dalam Bahasa Inggeris Amerika:

Bahasa Inggeris Inggeris menukar "C" menjadi "S" untuk membezakan kata nama dari kata kerja. James Bond mempunyai "lesence "untuk membunuh, dan" licensed "setelah layak menjadi perisik. Bentuk Amerika selalu menggunakan" S "pada kebanyakan pasangan seperti itu, tetapi selalu mempunyai" C "dalam" latihan ". Dalam beberapa kes, seperti" nasihat "/" nasihat ", perbezaan dikekalkan dalam semua jenis bahasa Inggeris.

Inggeris Inggeris menggunakan "S" dalam beberapa perkataan, sementara Inggeris Inggeris menggunakan "C".

Bentuk kata sifat, "defensif" dan "menyinggung", selalu dieja dengan "S".

Beberapa jenis bahasa Inggeris menukar "S" menjadi "Z" di beberapa "-jimat"dan"-sey"akhiran. Bahasa Inggeris Amerika melakukan ini secara universal, sementara pilihan ejaan Inggeris berbeza mengikut kamus; Kamus Bahasa Inggeris Oxford mengesyorkan menggunakan huruf Z, sementara kebanyakan kamus lain memilih huruf S:

Bahasa Inggeris Kanada secara amnya mengikuti konvensi ejaan Inggeris untuk kes-kes yang disebutkan di atas.

Dalam beberapa perkataan dengan akar bahasa Yunani atau Latin, terutamanya istilah perubatan dan saintifik, bahasa Inggeris Inggeris mengekalkan "ae"dan"oe"(hari ini jarang ditulis sebagai ligatur"æ"dan"œ"kerana itu tidak muncul di papan kekunci bahasa Inggeris), sementara bahasa Inggeris Amerika biasanya menyederhanakan kedua-duanya menjadi"e".

Inggeris Amerika menjatuhkan senyap "-ue"huruf dari beberapa perkataan dengan huruf"-Gue"berakhir:

Semasa menambahkan akhiran untuk beberapa perkataan yang diakhiri dengan "E" senyap, Bahasa Inggeris Amerika kadang-kadang menjatuhkan "E" sementara Inggeris Inggeris mengekalkan "E":

Beberapa perkataan, seperti "mandi" dan "boleh digunakan" menjatuhkan "E" di mana-mana, sementara beberapa yang lain, seperti "pencelupan" dan "boleh berubah" mengekalkan "E" di mana-mana sahaja.

Beberapa perkataan mempunyai huruf sunyi yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris Amerika atau dieja dengan cara yang berbeza:

Beberapa perkataan diucapkan dan dieja secara berbeza:

Penggunaan Kanada cenderung dicampur dalam dua kategori terakhir, dengan ejaan Inggeris diikuti untuk kata-kata seperti "cek", "tingkat", "pertanyaan" dan kadang-kadang "program", tetapi ejaan Amerika diikuti untuk kata-kata seperti "aluminium" dan "tayar".

Secara kebetulan, penggunaan tanda baca juga berbeza, tetapi tidak mengikuti pembahagian yang sama antara bahasa Inggeris Inggeris dan Amerika. Petikan ditandakan dengan tanda petik berganda (“…”) di A.S., Kanada, Australia dan New Zealand, sementara tanda petik tunggal (‘…’) digunakan di UK dan Afrika Selatan.

Tatabahasa

Terdapat beberapa perbezaan kecil dalam tata bahasa dan penggunaan, yang mungkin menarik jika anda belajar atau mengajar Bahasa Inggeris; namun, mereka hampir tidak menjadi penyebab kekeliruan.

Bentuk kata kerja

Beberapa kata kerja mempunyai bentuk yang berbeza dalam pelbagai jenis bahasa Inggeris.

Untuk bentuk beberapa kata kerja yang lalu, ejaan tidak tetap yang lebih lama lebih biasa dalam Bahasa Inggeris Inggeris tetapi biasa "-ed"Bentuk mendominasi dalam bahasa Inggeris Amerika. Kata kerja" menyelam "dan" menyelinap ", bagaimanapun, mempunyai corak yang berlawanan.

Beberapa kata kerja mengekalkan bentuk yang lebih tua dalam semua dialek, misalnya "tidur" dan "menangis".

Bentuk participle yang lalu "getten" masih biasa dalam Bahasa Inggeris Amerika tetapi dalam Bahasa Inggeris Inggeris hampir keseluruhannya telah lenyap; peserta hanya "mendapat".

Sebutan

A.S. yang bersejarah Laluan 66. "Laluan" biasanya berima dengan "menembak", tetapi di Amerika Utara mungkin sajak dengan "teriakan".

Orang-orang yang berpendidikan dari hampir mana sahaja di dunia berbahasa Inggeris boleh bercakap antara satu sama lain tanpa kesukaran. Pertimbangkan kru antarabangsa di pelantar minyak di suatu tempat. Jurutera dan pengurus hampir pasti dapat bercakap antara satu sama lain tanpa masalah sebenar, sama ada mereka belajar di Edinburgh atau Edmonton. Walau bagaimanapun, dua orang pekerja dari dua negara yang sama - seperti kelas pekerja Glasgow dan sebuah perkampungan nelayan Newfoundland - agak sukar untuk menjumpai komunikasi kerana loghat wilayah yang lebih kuat dan penggunaan kata-kata dialektik.

Perbezaan penting dalam dialek bahasa Inggeris adalah sama ada "R" diucapkan setelah vokal. Perkataan seperti "fork "," word "atau" mother"agak berbeza dalam dua jenis, walaupun setiap orang menyebut" R "dalam konteks lain, misalnya dalam" arnab "atau" kawasan ". Ahli bahasa memanggil dialek dengan" R " rotik dan mereka yang tanpa tidak berotot.

• Dialek dengan "R": Sebilangan bahagian barat dan utara Inggeris, Scotland, Ireland, beberapa bahagian selatan New Zealand, Filipina, Kanada, sebahagian besar A.S.
• Dialek tanpa "R": Sebahagian besar England, Wales, Australia, sebahagian besar New Zealand, Afrika Selatan, India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Singapura, bahagian New England, bahagian AS Selatan, beberapa aksen kawasan New York City, dan Bahasa Inggeris Vernakular Afrika Amerika (digunakan oleh banyak orang Afrika Amerika secara bergantian dengan dialek standard wilayah mereka).

Orang yang tidak biasa dengan dialek selain daripada mereka sendiri kadang-kadang menyatukan semua dialek tanpa huruf "R", seperti ketika seorang Amerika mengambil loghat New Zealand untuk orang Inggeris, dan yang lain membuat kesalahan yang sebaliknya, seperti seorang wanita Inggeris yang menggunakan aksen Kanada untuk orang Amerika.

Perbezaan lain yang ketara ialah bunyi "A" dalam kata-kata seperti "mandi", "ketawa", "rumput" dan "kebetulan"; banyak dialek mengucapkannya dengan "pendek A" seperti dalam "perangkap", tetapi selatan England, Afrika Selatan, New Zealand, beberapa bahagian Boston dan beberapa bahagian Australia menyebutnya dengan "panjang A" atau "luas A" seperti dalam "tapak tangan".

Kata-kata tertentu diucapkan dengan sangat berbeza:

Kadang-kadang dua tempat yang namanya mempunyai ejaan yang sama dapat diucapkan agak berbeza. Contohnya, kampung di Berkeley dalam Inggeris dilafazkan BARK-lee tetapi bandar Berkeley dalam California dilafazkan BURK-lee. Birmingham di England diucapkan dengan H yang senyap dan berakhir tanpa tekanan (BUR-ming-um), sementara Birmingham, Alabama mempunyai H dan tegasan yang berakhir (BUR-ming-HAM). "Houston" diucapkan HOO-memukau kalau kampung di luar Glasgow, BAGAIMANA-MENEGANG jika jalan di Bandar New York, dan HYOO-stun sekiranya bandar di Texas. Sebaliknya, dua tempat dengan ejaan yang agak berbeza kadang-kadang boleh berkongsi sebutan yang sama. Sebagai contoh, sebutan orang Amerika untuk Oakland dan pengucapan orang New Zealand mengenai Auckland sangat mirip sehingga ada kejadian di mana penumpang syarikat penerbangan berakhir di sisi yang salah di Lautan Pasifik.

Perbendaharaan Kata

Semua dialek bahasa Inggeris merangkumi kata-kata yang dipinjam dari bahasa lain, dan kebanyakan dialek seperti "bungalow" (Hindi), "canoe" (Carib), atau "topan" (Cina) kini menjadi standard dalam semua dialek. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak dialek juga merangkumi kata pinjaman yang tidak standard. Orang Kanada menggunakan lebih banyak istilah asal Perancis daripada dialek lain dan lebih cenderung menyebutnya seperti yang dituturkan oleh penutur Perancis, orang Selandia Baru kadang-kadang mencampurkan istilah Māori ke dalam bahasa Inggeris mereka, Inggeris India mempunyai perkataan Hindi atau Urdu, dan sebagainya.

Penutur bahasa Inggeris bukan asli boleh digunakan sekali-sekala kawan palsu, perkataan yang masuk akal dalam bahasa mereka yang lain tetapi mempunyai makna yang berbeza dalam bahasa Inggeris; satu contohnya ialah bahasa Perancis perpustakaan bermaksud kedai buku, bukan perpustakaan. Kes terbalik kata pinjaman yang digunakan dalam makna yang lebih dekat dengan bahasa asal juga biasa. Dalam beberapa kes, terutamanya apabila kata-kata pseudo-Inggeris seperti "Handy" (bahasa Jerman untuk telefon bimbit), kekeliruan mungkin timbul.

Masuk / keliling

Dengan kereta

Atas sebab sejarah, kereta dan jalan raya telah mengembangkan banyak istilah yang berbeza antara bahasa Inggeris Amerika dan Inggeris.

Untuk istilah yang berkaitan dengan kenderaan bermotor, Bahasa Inggeris Kanada menggunakan istilah dan ejaan Amerika secara meluas, kerana industri automotif Kanada dan Amerika selalu mempunyai hubungan rapat.

Jentera pickup / bakkie / ute / trak Toyota Hilux ini mempunyai enjin turbo-diesel 3.0L di bawah tudung / bonet.

• bulatan: Istilah "bulatan" adalah standard di mana-mana sahaja, tetapi Massachusetts menggunakan "rotary". New York State membezakan bulatan dari "bulatan lalu lintas", yang biasanya berukuran lebih besar dan di mana peraturan lalu lintas mengenai hak jalan, dll., Agak berbeza.
• stesen servis:
  • A.S. - stesen pengisian yang dipasang di garaj pembaikan
  • UK - kawasan perkhidmatan lebuh raya, pusat perkhidmatan atau kawasan rehat
  • Australia - stesen minyak atau "servo" adalah stesen minyak.
• lori: "Trak" A.S. boleh merujuk kepada beberapa kenderaan yang berbeza:
  • Sebuah trak pikap
  • SUV (kenderaan utiliti sukan), yang dikenali di tempat lain sebagai "kenderaan off-road", "4x4" / "four-by-four", atau dengan jenama seperti "Jeep" atau "Land Rover"; kadangkala dipasarkan sebagai "crossover" untuk kenderaan ringan tanpa kemampuan di luar jalan
  • Kenderaan tugas berat untuk mengangkut kargo (termasuk treler separuh artikulasi [UK: "lori"] dan trak kotak / lurus) atau pekerjaan khusus (trak pemadam kebakaran, trak tunda, trak sampah, dll.)

Dalam perbualan santai, "trak" lebih cenderung merujuk pada pickup, tetapi juga merujuk kepada SUV.

• jalan raya, lebuh raya, dll.:
  • Istilah teknikal untuk jalan jenis ini adalah a lebuh raya akses terkawal, walaupun ini jarang sekali digunakan dalam ucapan sehari-hari.
  • A.S. - Boleh dipanggil "lebuh raya", "jalan raya" atau "jalan raya". Walaupun mungkin terdapat perbezaan undang-undang teknikal antara istilah bergantung pada keadaan, istilah tersebut sangat sinonim dalam ucapan sehari-hari. "Interstate" adalah nama sistem lebuh raya A.S. tertentu, bukan istilah umum untuk jalan raya atau jalan bernombor. "Turnpike" adalah istilah yang agak kuno yang masih digunakan di beberapa negeri untuk merujuk secara khusus kepada jalan raya di mana tol dikenakan bayaran, walaupun anda juga kadang-kadang akan melihat perkataan (dan bentuknya yang pendek "pike") difosilkan dengan nama biasa jalan raya yang pernah mengenakan tol kepada pelancong.
  • UK - Dikenali sebagai "lebuh raya". Beberapa lebuh raya tertentu menggunakan istilah "lebuh raya" dalam namanya, mis. Lebuhraya Tol Midland M6. "Lebuh raya" merujuk kepada semua jalan raya milik umum dengan pelbagai ukuran.
  • Australia - "Lebuh raya" lazim di New South Wales dan Queensland, sementara "jalan raya" adalah istilah lazim di tempat lain. "Lebuh raya" juga digunakan di Australia Selatan.
  • Kanada - Biasanya dikenali sebagai "lebuh raya" atau "lebuh raya". "Autoroute" digunakan dalam Quebec (dalam bahasa Inggeris dan Perancis).
  • New Zealand - Kedua-dua "lebuh raya" dan "lebuh raya" digunakan.
  • Singapura, Hong Kong - Dikenali sebagai "jalan raya".
  • Malaysia - Boleh dipanggil "lebuh raya" atau "jalan raya" dalam bahasa Inggeris. Di papan tanda jalan, istilah Melayu "lebuhraya" digunakan.
  • Di luar Amerika Utara, istilah "lebuh raya" sering digunakan untuk merujuk kepada mana-mana jalan awam utama yang ditutup.

Lihat dan buat

Untuk sukan, Jawatankuasa Olimpik Antarabangsa dan kebanyakan persekutuan sukan antarabangsa mengikuti penggunaan Inggeris.

Sukan yang paling popular di dunia: "bola sepak persatuan", "bola sepak", atau "bola sepak".

• bola sepak merujuk kepada permainan yang paling biasa di negara masing-masing.
  • Di UK, begitulah bola sepak persatuan. Walaupun "bola sepak" pada mulanya adalah perkataan Oxford yang terbentuk dari persatuan bola sepak, seperti "rugger" dibentuk dari ragbi bola sepak, kebanyakan orang Brits hari ini menegaskan bahawa "bola sepak" adalah satu-satunya nama sebenarnya untuk sukan ini.
  • Di Australia, penggunaannya berbeza mengikut wilayah; "bola sepak" atau istilah slanga "footy" merujuk kepada liga ragbi di negeri-negeri di New South Wales dan Queensland, tetapi merujuk kepada Australia memerintah bola sepak di tempat lain.
  • Di A.S., Bola sepak Amerika dimaksudkan apabila merujuk kepada "bola sepak" yang tidak memenuhi syarat. Negara-negara lain mungkin lebih mengenalinya sebagai "bola sepak gridiron", yang mana bola sepak Amerika adalah satu; di Amerika Utara, "gridiron" merujuk kepada ladang itu sendiri.
  • Di Kanada "bola sepak" merujuk kepada permainan bola sepak gridiron Kanada atau Amerika (sangat serupa antara satu sama lain).
  • Di Ireland, "bola sepak" boleh merujuk kepada bola sepak persatuan, bola sepak Gaelik, atau kadangkala kesatuan ragbi. Media nasional biasanya mengelakkan kekeliruan dengan tidak menggunakan "bola sepak" dengan sendirinya untuk merujuk kepada sukan apa pun, masing-masing menggunakan "bola sepak", "bola sepak Gaelik", dan "ragbi" untuk merujuk kepada tiga sukan yang disebutkan di atas.
  • Di New Zealand, "bola sepak" secara sejarah disebut kesatuan ragbi, tetapi sejak tahun 2005 ini berubah secara dramatik, dengan "bola sepak" sekarang merujuk hampir secara eksklusif kepada persatuan bola sepak.
  • Di Afrika Selatan, "bola sepak" paling sering merujuk kepada bola sepak persatuan. Walau bagaimanapun, perkataan ini jarang digunakan di luar konteks rasmi (seperti nama badan pemerintah negara untuk sukan ini, Persatuan Bola Sepak Afrika Selatan). Semua kumpulan budaya di negara ini, ketika berbahasa Inggeris, menyebut sukan ini sebagai "bola sepak"; ini ditunjukkan dalam penggunaan media nasional.
  • Di Singapura dan Malaysia, "bola sepak" merujuk kepada bola sepak, walaupun istilah "bola sepak" juga banyak digunakan dan difahami.
• Perkataan yang tidak memenuhi syarat ragbi biasanya merujuk kepada penyatuan ragbi, tetapi merujuk kepada liga ragbi di utara Inggeris.
  • Walaupun "bola sepak" merujuk kepada liga ragbi di negara-negara Australia di Queensland dan New South Wales, kata "ragbi" selalu merujuk kepada penyatuan ragbi di seluruh Australia.
• Ketika menerangkan perlawanan antara dua pasukan, pasukan tuan rumah biasanya dinyatakan pertama di UK (mis. "Manchester United vs Liverpool" bermaksud Manchester United menjadi tuan rumah Liverpool), sementara biasanya dinyatakan kedua di AS (mis. "LA Lakers vs (atau" @ ") Chicago Bulls" bermaksud LA Lakers mengunjungi Chicago Bulls).
• Biliard kadangkala merupakan istilah umum untuk semua sukan yang dimainkan dengan bola biliar dan tongkat isyarat, tetapi lebih sering merujuk kepada permainan atau kumpulan permainan tertentu.
  • Di UK dan Australia, "biliard" biasanya merujuk kepada biliar Inggeris.
  • Di A.S. dan Kanada, "biliard" biasanya merujuk kepada kumpulan.
  • Bola biliard dibahagikan kepada "bintik-bintik dan jalur" di UK, "pepejal dan jalur" di A.S., dan "kecil dan besar" di Australia.
• Bowling, tanpa kelayakan lebih lanjut, biasanya merujuk kepada boling ten-pin dalaman di seluruh dunia, tetapi di UK dan beberapa negara Komanwel juga boleh merujuk kepada bowling rumput.
• Permainan papan strategi dipanggil Pergi dalam bahasa Jepun dikenali oleh kebanyakan penutur bahasa Inggeris di seluruh dunia, tetapi dikenali dengan nama Cina "weiqi" di Singapura dan Malaysia.

Beli

• ATM, yang bermaksud "mesin juruwang automatik", adalah kata baku di semua negara berbahasa Inggeris kecuali UK.
  • UK - "mata wang tunai / mesin tunai / lubang di dinding". Tidak berkaitan, "lubang-di-dinding" A.S. bermaksud tempat yang tidak mempunyai suasana yang menjual makanan murah (tetapi tidak semestinya buruk).
  • A.S. Tengah Barat — Some areas also use "TYME machine" (an acronym for "Take Your Money Everywhere", the brand name of a former regional interbank network).
• Flip-flops go by various local names: Australia: "thongs"; New Zealand: "jandals" (short for "Japanese sandals"); South Africa: "slops"; Hawaii: "slippa" (the local pronunciation of "slippers"); Philippines/Singapore: "slippers". They're also just called "sandals", but this term can cause confusion since there are various other types of sandals.
• Senior [citizen] is a fairly universal term for elderly people, who are typically retired and on a fixed income, and consequently extended discounts at many restaurants and attractions.
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — "OAP" (which stands for "old age pensioner") is also used

Makan

• Semasa sarapan pagi, makan tengah hari dan makan malam refer to the morning, midday and evening meals respectively in most countries, parts of the UK refer to the midday meal as "dinner", and to the evening meal as "supper" or "high tea". Outside the UK, "supper" may be another name for the evening meal, or may be a small late-night meal after dinner.
• bacon — In English-speaking countries, the term refers to a type of cured pork product usually served in slices. However, countries differ on the meaning of the unqualified word:
  • U.S., Canada — "Bacon" by itself refers to a product prepared from the pork belly. In the UK and Ireland, this product is called "side bacon" or "streaky bacon", with the latter term coming from the streaks of fat across the strips of meat.
  • UK, Ireland — The unqualified term "bacon" refers to a different and much leaner product taken mainly from the loin, cut into "rashers" which include part of the belly or "medallions" which are just the trimmed eye of loin meat. North America calls this product "back bacon". In the U.S. only, "Canadian bacon" refers to a form of back bacon that is cut from the lean eye of the loin and sold ready to eat. In parts of Canada (mainly southern Ontario), a form of back bacon rolled in cornmeal known as "peameal bacon" (from the former use of dried peas as a coating) is popular.
  • Australia — Standard "bacon" is something of a cross between the above types, being prepared mainly from the belly, with a piece of loin attached.
• kerepek / crisps / fries:
  • UK — "chips" refers almost exclusively to deep fried, elongated strips of potatoes; crispy, thin slices of potatoes are referred to as "crisps".
  • U.S., Canada — "chips" refers almost exclusively to crispy, thin slices of potatoes, while deep fried elongated strips of potatoes are referred to as "fries" or "French fries". However, the British dish "fish and chips" is still referred to as such, and in Canada, "chip trucks" sell French fries.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Both the aforementioned fried-potato dishes are referred to as "chips"; the meaning is generally inferred from context.
  • Some Commonwealth nations use "fries" for the thinner style as typically found at McDonald's and "chips" for the thicker style as typically found in fish and chips.
• coriander: In the UK, refers to both the seeds and leaves of Coriandrum sativum. In North America, "coriander" refers only to the seeds; the leaves are called "cilantro".
• corn:
  • North America, Australia, New Zealand — A cereal that grows on tall stalks, with the edible grains (most often yellow or white, though other colors exist) forming "ears" growing from the stalk. This plant and its grain are called "maize" in the UK and Ireland, and by botanists worldwide (at least within a scientific context).
  • England and Wales — "Corn" can refer to any cereal, but most often to wheat.
  • Scotland and Ireland — Similar to England and Wales, except that the most common reference is to oats.
  • However, in culinary contexts, "corn" with an additional word (e.g. "popcorn", "sweet corn", or "corn flakes") always refers to maize, even in the UK and Ireland.
• flapjack: In the U.S., this is an informal word for a pancake. In the UK, it's a simple pastry made from oats.
• yam:
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — refers exclusively to true yams, a usually white-fleshed root vegetable.
  • North America — may also be used to refer to the orange-fleshed sweet potato.
  • New Zealand — refers to oca, a small, usually red-skinned root vegetable. Sweet potatoes are sold under their Māori name, kūmara.
  • Malaysia, Singapore — refers to taro, a small white- or slightly purple-fleshed root vegetable.
• The Chinese dish known as hot pot in most of the English-speaking world is known as steamboat in Singapore and Malaysia.

Minum

• pop, dan lain-lain.
  • U.S., Canada:
    • In the U.S., "pop" is used in Western New York, western Pennsylvania, most of the Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, the Pacific Northwest, and most of Alaska. It is also the preferred term throughout most of English-speaking Canada.
    • "Soda" is used in New England, the coastal Mid-Atlantic, California, most of the Southwest, eastern Wisconsin, South Florida, Hawaii, and anywhere within a roughly 150-mile (240 km) radius of St. Louis.
    • "Coke" predominates in the southern tier of the U.S. between New Mexico and Florida. The word is used generically, not just in reference to Coca-Cola: the answer to the question "what kind of coke would you like?" could very well be Pepsi.
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland — "Fizzy drink" is the most common term throughout all of these countries, though you might also hear "soft drink" in Australia and New Zealand, and "mineral" in Ireland. In the UK, "soft drink" more commonly refers to ada non-alcoholic beverage.
  • South Africa — "Cooldrink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines — "Soft drink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Nigeria — "Mineral" is the most commonly used term.

Tidur

Belajar

Lihat juga: Studying abroad

Education is among the areas where differences between UK and U.S. English are most profound.

Balliol College, part of Oxford Universiti

• kolej:
  • U.S. — Generic term for post-secondary undergraduate education. An American student will "go to college" regardless of whether his or her particular institution is formally called a "college", "university", or some other term, and whether or not the school awards bachelor's degrees. This usage of "college" does not extend to graduate education, which is usually called "grad school" (or for professional degrees, "law school", "med (medical) school", etc.).
  • Canada — Mainly refers to a technical, career, or community college (U.S.: "community college" or "junior college"). Canadians draw a sharp distinction between "going to college" (implying a community, technical or career college diploma) and "going to university" (studying for a bachelor's or postgrad degree). College mostly offers two or three-year programmes which prepare students for practical employment. A few exceptions:
    • Quebec inserts two years of community college, locally known as CÉGEP, between its secondary education and university. Quebec students graduate from high school after grade 11, as opposed to grade 12 in Anglophone North America. Undergraduate degrees from Quebec universities are completed in one less year than in Anglophone North America, as the first year will have been completed at a CÉGEP.
    • In Ontario, a "CVI" (Collegiate and Vocational Institute) is a secondary/high school facility (not a college) which offers technical or machine shops
  • UK — Can refer to any post-secondary institution that is not a university, or sometimes to a secondary school. Students studying for their bachelor's or postgraduate degree will say that they are "going to university" (or "uni") instead of U.S. "college", regardless of the formal title of their school.
  • Ireland — Similar to U.S. usage but slightly broader (i.e. includes postgraduate education) for historical reasons unique to that country. Before 1989, no Irish university provided teaching or research directly; they were instead offered by a constituent college of a university.
  • Australia — Usually refers to a private (i.e., non-government) primary, or especially secondary, school.
  • New Zealand — Normally refers to secondary schools; used interchangeably with "high school".
  • Singapore — Generally refers to government high schools. Short for "junior college".
  • In all countries, can also refer to a constituent college of a university.
• graduation / to graduate:
  • U.S. — Most commonly refers to having earned a high school diploma or an undergraduate (bachelor's or associate) degree.
  • UK — Only refers to the completion of a university degree programme (i.e. bachelor's, master's or doctorate).
• prep school:
  • U.S. — a secondary/high school that prepares students for college.
  • UK — a primary school that prepares pupils for fee-paying public (private) secondary schools

• public school:
  • U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand — A government-owned, publicly-funded school; most often used to refer to an elementary or secondary school open to all students within the geographic boundaries designated for that school.
  • UK — Can have several meanings:
    • "Public" education as opposed to "private" education by a tutor
    • Exclusive fee-paying secondary schools, typically boarding schools (which are "public" because they aren't restricted based on home location, religion, etc.)
    • Any independent school (also called "private schools" following U.S. usage); this usage of "public school" is rare in Scotland and Northern Ireland

The University of California in Berkeley, regarded as one of the top public universities in the world

• state school:
  • U.S. — Used exclusively to refer to publicly-funded universities operated by state governments.
  • UK — A publicly-funded school for students aged between 5 and 18. Universities are not called schools in the UK, although the term may be used for departments within a university ("School of Chemistry").
  • New Zealand – refers to publicly-funded primary and secondary schools, often to the exclusion of state integrated schools, i.e. former private schools that have become state schools while retaining their private school character.
• pelajar:
  • UK, Ireland — Traditionally refers exclusively to those attending university-level institutions. Attendees of primary and secondary institutions are generally called "pupils". However, the North American sense of the term (see below) is beginning to see some use.
  • New Zealand — Broader than in the UK and Ireland; "pupils" refers only to children in primary school (years 1–6). "Student" is used for all higher levels, from intermediate to postgraduate.
  • Philippines — Likewise, formally "students" refer to learners in the secondary level (starting at grade 7) or higher, whereas "pupils" refer to learners in the elementary level. For most schools, "student" is more widespread although the word "pupil" is sometimes used.
  • U.S., Canada, Australia — Refers to all people attending educational institutions at any level, from primary to postgraduate. "Pupils" is generally understood in North America but considered something of an archaic term.
  • Singapore — Follows U.S. usage, but also used interchangeably with "pupils" up to the secondary school level.
• student union atau students' union:
  • U.S. ("student union" only) — One of several terms used to describe a college/university building intended for student recreation and socializing. Synonyms include "student center" and "student activity center".
  • Other English-speaking countries — A college/university student organization devoted to representing the interests of the students before the administration. The recreational aspect is also looked after by the unions as in the U.S., but their political role is often emphasized. The most common U.S. equivalent is "student government", with "student senate" also seeing some use.

Stay safe and stay healthy

Cope

Sambung

• postal code:
  • Canada, Pakistan, Singapore — "postal code"
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia — "postcode"
  • In many countries around the world they're known by the name of the local system:
    • U.S. and its former colonies — "ZIP code"
    • Ireland — "Eircode"
    • India — "PIN" (Postal Index Number), sometimes redundantly called a "PIN code"

Nombor

You might expect that numbers would be simple, since they always mean the same thing. Alas, differences in how they're spoken (or even written) can sometimes lead to confusion when you're not expecting it.

• The number 0 is spoken as "zero" or "oh" in all varieties of English, but Britons are also likely to use "nought" or "nil".
  • When used in the score of a sporting event, British uses "nil" and American may use "nothing" or informally "zip". Hardcore soccer fans and journalists in North America often use "nil" following British usage when discussing soccer (or rather, "football"). Tennis and cricket have unique readings ("love" and "duck", respectively).
  • For decimal numbers like 0.8 and 0.05, Britons would usually say "nought" as in "nought point eight" and "nought point nought five". Americans often omit the leading 0, saying "point eight" and "point oh five".
• Most varieties of English informally count in hundreds up to 1,900, which is "nineteen hundred" rather than "one thousand nine hundred"; this is common for money or counting things, or when the number is understood to be rounded to the next hundred. (Philippine English is an exception; they prefer the more formal "one thousand nine hundred"; "nineteen hundred" is only spoken in military contexts, e.g. 1900 hours.) But Americans often continue this trend for even large four-digit numbers above 2,000, so they're likely to read 9,500 as "ninety-five hundred" rather than "nine thousand five hundred".
• Similarly, all varieties of English group years into two-digit groups. But Americans also apply this to street addresses and sometimes phone numbers or other sequences of digits, as well as some three-digit sequences like road numbers (e.g. I-285 is "eye two eighty-five") and bus routes.
• Meanwhile, Britons tend to use "double" when reading sequences of digits such as phone numbers (which is why James Bond's 007 moniker is "double-oh seven" rather than "zero zero seven").
• Monetary amounts in the range of one or two major currency units may be spoken differently in the two main forms of English. An American would say that an item costing $1.50 costs "one-fifty", "a dollar fifty", or (slangily) "a buck fifty". In British English, £1.50 would most often be said "one pound fifty". For amounts over one major unit, Americans typically drop the currency unit; $2.40 would most often be said "two-forty". In British, "two-forty" and "two pounds forty" are both commonly used.

Price tag for an item costing $399.99 (not including sales tax, as the photo was taken in the U.S.). In smaller print, the sale dates are given as "3/9 – 3/13", which uses the U.S. month-first order, implying March 9–13.

• In British English, whole numbers of pounds (or other currency units) are spoken by their individual digits, especially in radio and TV advertising. "Three nine nine" implies a price of £399; "three ninety-nine" implies £3.99. American English never does this—"three ninety-nine" can mean either $399 or $3.99, with the context determining the meaning.
• The U.S. has always used the short scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000 (a thousand million). But most other English-speaking countries formerly used the long scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000,000 (a million million). (In that scale, 1,000,000,000 is either "a thousand million" or sometimes a "milliard".) In 1974 the UK formally adopted the short scale, and other countries followed suit, although some use of the long scale persists. Most other European languages continue to use the long scale (including in bilingual countries, e.g. among French speakers in Canada) so you may want to clarify the exact quantity when talking to a non-native English speaker.
  • Indian English follows the Indian numbering system; numbers are grouped completely differently, and spoken using words derived from Indian languages:
    • 100,000 is written "1,00,000" and read "one lakh"; it's sometimes abbreviated "L", as in "₹‍5L" for "rupees five lakh"
    • 1,000,000 is written "10,00,000" and read "ten lakh"
    • 10,000,000 is written "1,00,00,000" and read "one crore"; it may be written out, as in "₹6 crore" for "rupees six crore"

• In handwriting, numerals are written the plain way in North America: "1" is a vertical line, and "7" is two lines. European handwriting puts the introductory swash on the top of the "1", making it look more like a typeset "1" and avoiding confusion with the capital letter I and with the lower-case letter L. Since the "1" with a swash could be confused with a "7", the "7" often gets a horizontal slash through it, a form that's also common in Australia and Singapore.

Date and time

Most countries use DD/MM/YYYY or something similar as their short date format. The biggest exception is the United States, which almost exclusively uses the MM/DD/YYYY format. The Philippines, which was an American possession during the first four decades of the 20th century and is still heavily influenced by American norms, uses MM/DD/YYYY in English-language publications, but usually DD/MM/YYYY in Filipino-language contexts. In Canada, usage is mixed: English speakers use both formats interchangeably, with newspapers invariably choosing MM/DD, but French speakers exclusively use DD/MM. Therefore, a date written as "01/02/2000" stands for "January 2, 2000" in the United States, but would stand for "1 February 2000" in almost any other country, and could conceivably mean either in Canada and the Philippines. (Note that the long dates are also formatted differently, although with hardly any potential for confusion.) Due to their significance and American media influence, the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon are known internationally as "September 11" and "9/11" regardless of the actual date format in use.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends YYYY/MM/DD, primarily because that is the only format that a computer can sort with a straight text-based sort (not a special date-sorting routine) and get the right result. That format is widely used in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, but not in English-speaking countries.

Britons in particular often use compact expressions for dates (e.g. "tomorrow week" or "a week [on] Tuesday") and times (e.g. "half eight") that aren't used elsewhere. Their meaning is a cultural convention that's not universal in English, let alone in other languages: for example, "half eight" means 8:30 in English but the equivalent in Dutch means 7:30, and could be taken as either in South Africa. Some of these can be made less ambiguous (for example, Americans usually say "quarter past eight" or "quarter till eight") but others will always have the potential for confusion. Be prepared to clarify, or simply use explicit dates and times.

Weights and measures

Lihat juga: Metric and Imperial equivalents

Gas station in Florida, with prices given per U.S. gallon of fuel. (1 U.S. gal = 0.84 imperial gallons.) In the UK, this would be a filling station and the price would be given in pence per litre

Bersama dengan Liberia, the U.S. is one of the few countries that still use non-metric weights and measures (with a few exceptions including medicines, scientific work, and bottled wine, spirits, and soft drinks). The UK is partially metricated, using the metric system for some measures (such as temperature and fuel volume) but not for others (such as road distances and beer volume). The rest of the Anglosphere switched to metric beginning in the 1970s, though the imperial system still survives to varying extents in colloquial usage.

A "pint" of beer in many places is now 500 mL. The traditional British pint, which is still legally mandated in the UK, Ireland and Canada, is 568 mL (20 imperial fluid ounces). A U.S. pint is just shy at 473 mL (16 U.S. fluid ounces), although it's almost always sold in a conical glass that must be filled to the brim to contain 16 ounces. Beer in Australia comes in varying sizes with unique names. A "pint" of beer in Australia is 570 mL except in Australia Selatan, where it is 425 mL, and 570 mL is somewhat erroneously called an "imperial pint". A "pint" of beer is not standardised in New Zealand, but most commonly follows the South Australian pint at 425 mL.

UK and Ireland measure body weight in "stone" (always singular after a number) and pounds; 1 stone is 14 pounds (6.35 kg). Someone who weighs "11 stone 6 pounds" weighs 160 pounds (72.6 kg), and rough body weight is often given in stones only. The imperial ton, or "long ton", is defined to be 160 stone (2,240 pounds; 1016 kg), which is somewhat larger than the U.S. ton, or "short ton", at 2,000 pounds (907.2 kg). Both tons are distinct from the tonne, or "metric ton", which is defined as 1,000 kg (approximately 2,200 pounds).

Yang lain

Same words, different meaning

• Orang asia, when used by itself to describe people, has different meanings across the English-speaking world.
  • UK — Refers typically to people from the Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. People from Timur dan Southeast Asia are often referred to as "East Asians".
  • U.S., Canada — In U.S. and Canadian government usage, refers to a person having origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, including the Indian subcontinent. Popular Canadian usage generally mirrors government usage. However, popular U.S. usage often excludes South Asians, especially in areas where South Asian communities are less visible than those of East or Southeast Asian ethnicities. See notes on "Indian" below.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Refers typically to people from East Asia or Southeast Asia, but can include the Indian subcontinent as well.

North American moose

• elk: In the U.S. and Canada, refers to a very large deer similar to the red deer of Eurasia; this animal is also known by the Native American name "wapiti". In the UK and Ireland (and also second-language speakers in Europe), refers to an even larger deer whose males have flattened antlers; this animal is known as the "moose" in North America. There is also a smaller species found in India and known as either "Indian elk" or "Sambar deer".
• fag: A slang term for a cigarette in the UK; a derogatory term for a homosexual man in the U.S.
• faggots: A traditional dish of pork offal/bacon, herb and gravy meatballs in the UK; same offensive connotation as "fag" in the U.S.
• Orang India:
  • South Asia — Refers hanya to people from the country of India. (The common North American usage of the word to refer to all South Asians, irrespective of nationality, is often considered offensive here.)
  • U.S., Canada — Can have several meanings:
    • Secara tradisinya merujuk kepada orang asli benua Amerika, walaupun penggunaan ini cepat hilang untuk memilih "Orang Asli Amerika" di A.S. dan "Negara Pertama" di Kanada. (Istilah "Indian Amerika" yang lebih banyak digunakan dan agak lebih tepat secara politik selalu merujuk kepada orang asli Amerika, tidak pernah kepada orang Amerika dengan keturunan dari negara India, yang sebaliknya disebut "India-Amerika".)
    • Orang-orang dari Asia Selatan, tidak selalu dari negara India khususnya (walaupun perbezaannya mulai perlahan-lahan menyaringnya ke dalam pertuturan Inggeris Amerika setiap hari). Istilah "India Timur" atau "Asia Asia" masih banyak digunakan sebagai penyekat kepada masyarakat asli Amerika, walaupun pada masa ini istilah "India" yang tidak memenuhi syarat menjadi semakin sering difahami dalam konteks orang Asia kerana ia menjadi semakin kurang digunakan untuk orang asli Amerika.
• kelab tuan-tuan: Merujuk kepada kelab swasta eksklusif yang mewah di UK; eufemisme untuk kelab strip di A.S.
• marah: UK "gila" biasanya bermaksud gila atau gila (seperti dalam "menggonggong gila"), sementara di A.S. "gila" (pada seseorang) sering digunakan untuk bermaksud marah (dengan seseorang).
• kesal: UK "marah" bermaksud mabuk. A.S. "pissed" adalah kependekan dari "pissed off", yang bermaksud kesal atau marah dalam semua jenis bahasa Inggeris.
• getah: Merujuk kepada pemadam di UK; perkataan slang untuk kondom di A.S.
• ke meja: Mempunyai makna yang berlawanan di A.S. dan UK
  • A.S. - Menangguhkan atau membuang sesuatu dari pertimbangan
  • UK, Kanada, Australia, New Zealand - Untuk membuat sesuatu untuk dipertimbangkan.

Lihat juga

• Slanga Australia
• Ceramah # Menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris

Perbezaan ejaan Inggeris Amerika dan Inggeris