Chernobyl - Chernobyl

Reaktor loji kuasa nuklear Chernobyl 4 terbungkus dalam sarkofagus. Penggantian yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar dipasang pada tahun 2016.

Chernobyl (Bahasa Ukraine: Чорнобиль, Chornobyl) adalah sebuah bandar di Ukraine Tengah, dan terkenal dengan kemalangan di loji tenaga nuklear berdekatan pada 26 April 1986. Skala usaha pemulihan (secara rasmi pembubaran kemalangan selepas itu) dan cabaran kejuruteraan seterusnya seperti pembinaan reaktor ikonik sarkofagus, telah menarik minat banyak pelancong yang ingin tahu selama beberapa dekad berikutnya. Chernobyl dikunjungi oleh ca. 70,000 pelancong setiap tahun sebelum COVID-19 wabak, jumlah yang kini menurun menjadi sekitar seperempat. Sinaran dari kemalangan masih ada di sekitar lokasi, menjadikan akses sangat terhad, dan tidak diragukan lagi bahawa kawasan itu adalah tempat yang berbahaya dan jelas tidak taman hiburan. Kunjungan ke kawasan ini adalah pengalaman yang unik, dan memberikan gambaran mengenai aspek ilmiah, teknologi dan kemanusiaan bencana.

Fahami

Nama Chernobyl merujuk kepada kawasan sekitar Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl (sering disingkat ChNPP) di utara Ukraine bersempadan Belarus. Chernobyl adalah sebuah bandar yang terletak 15 km ke selatan loji janakuasa, dan merupakan penempatan terdekat yang diketahui wujud oleh media Barat pada tahun 1986 ketika satu bencana berlaku di salah satu daripada 4 reaktor loji janakuasa itu. Bandar Pripyat, dibina untuk menempatkan pekerja loji janakuasa, sebenarnya betul-betul di sebelah loji janakuasa dan dengan itu jauh lebih dekat dari Chernobyl, tetapi bandar tertutup pada masa itu dan dengan itu tidak dikenali di Barat. Kemalangan itu kemudian dikenali sebagai Bencana Chernobyl sebaliknya, dan namanya tersekat.

Kemalangan itu mencemari kawasan besar di sekitar loji kuasa dengan kesan radioaktif, dan kawasan-kawasan ini kemudiannya dipindahkan. Ini Zon Pengasingan diperluas beberapa kali ketika besarnya kemalangan menjadi jelas, dan akhirnya meliputi kawasan seluas 2,600 km2kira-kira ukuran Luxembourg. Prosedur khusus diberlakukan untuk meminimumkan penyebaran radioaktivitas, dan akses ke kawasan itu dibatasi. Ia dikenali sebagai Zon Pengecualian Chernobyl. Batas tepat Zona Pengecualian telah disesuaikan beberapa kali untuk menyelaraskannya dengan lebih baik dengan tahap pencemaran radioaktif yang sebenarnya, tetapi kawasan itu tetap sama seperti pada tahun 1986. Banyak kejatuhan jatuh di Belarus bukannya di Ukraine. Sejauh di Sweden (tempat kejadian hujan), daging cendawan dan rusa dianggap tidak selamat kerana kejatuhan.

Oleh kerana radioaktiviti secara semula jadi merosot dari masa ke masa, tahap radiasi telah menurun selama 32 tahun terakhir. Di bandar Chernobyl, misalnya, tahap radiasi hampir sama dengan di Kyiv, dan bandar yang pernah ditinggalkan kini dihuni lagi. Sebahagian besar Kawasan Pengecualian tetap sepi, namun, sebagian besar kawasan berhutan dengan tasik dan sungai, dihiasi dengan penempatan dan pemasangan industri yang terbengkalai. Walaupun tidak lagi berbahaya seperti dulu, ia tetap menjadi gurun nuklear yang menarik rasa ingin tahu dari pelancong dari seluruh dunia. Zon Pengecualian telah ditampilkan di media popular, terutamanya permainan komputer arus perdana seperti S.T.A.L.K.E.R dan Call of Duty, yang menyebarkan misteri Zon Pengecualian kepada masyarakat luas. Zon Pengecualian Chernobyl mungkin merupakan tempat paling dekat dengan dunia permainan digital yang dilihat di Gugur siri, yang menjelaskan popularitinya sebagai tarikan pelancong.

Walaupun akses ke Zon Pengecualian masih dibatasi, lawatan berpandu teratur, kebanyakannya termasuk pengangkutan dari Kyiv ke dan dari Zon Pengecualian. Ia dikunjungi oleh 72,000 pelancong pada tahun 2018.

Sejarah

Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl

Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl dibina antara 1972 dan 1977 di pinggir sungai Pripyat, kira-kira 100 km ke utara ibu negara Ukraine Kyiv. Lokasinya dipilih kerana jarak yang aman dari ibu kota, kawasan berpenduduk padat, dan jarak air untuk tujuan penyejukan. Loji ini mempunyai 4 reaktor nuklear besar dari jenis RBMK, dengan jumlah output elektrik 4 GW - cukup untuk menghidupkan kira-kira 4 juta ketuhar gelombang mikro. Reka bentuk loji ini inovatif untuk masa ini, yang dilengkapi generator hidrogen yang disejukkan dengan sel elektrolisis bersepadu untuk menghasilkan hidrogen yang diperlukan di lokasi, serta sistem komputer canggih. Dewan mesin yang menempatkan turbin dan generator adalah salah satu bangunan terpanjang di Eropah dengan panjang 600 m.

Percubaan

Selain dari inovasi nuklear dan elektronik, kilang ini juga menerapkan sistem kawalan dan keselamatan automatik, yang perlu diuji di lapangan dalam lingkungan produksi langsung, seperti yang biasa terjadi pada semua teknologi Soviet pada masa itu. Yang menjadi perhatian utama ialah sistem keselamatan yang menangani apa yang disebut pemadaman stesen, keadaan di mana faktor luaran menyebabkan kehilangan kuasa elektrik sepenuhnya ke loji janakuasa. Reaktor, masing-masing dengan output termal 3,2 GW, mesti disejukkan secara aktif dalam keadaan sedemikian untuk mengelakkan intinya tidak mencair, dan untuk melakukannya pam yang kuat dipasang untuk mengepam air penyejuk ke teras reaktor. Penjana diesel sandaran tersedia untuk menjana elektrik yang diperlukan untuk menggerakkan pam air, tetapi kerana ukurannya yang besar, mereka mengambil masa lebih dari satu minit untuk mencapai kelajuan - satu minit di mana terasnya tetap tidak dibekukan. Ini dianggap sebagai risiko keselamatan yang tidak dapat diterima. Jurutera menghasilkan penyelesaian yang bijak, dan mencadangkan untuk menggunakan momentum sisa turbin dan penjana besar, bertindak sebagai roda gila gergasi, untuk memastikan pam tetap beroperasi sehingga penjana diesel sandaran menghasilkan tenaga yang cukup untuk mengambil alih tanggungjawab menyejukkan reaktor. Idea ini berfungsi secara teori tetapi tidak pernah diuji, dan Reaktor 4 dari Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl dipilih untuk mengesahkan teori tersebut dengan eksperimen.

Jurutera merangka senario ujian di mana daya output Reaktor 4 akan diturunkan ke tahap yang jauh lebih rendah, di mana paip stim antara reaktor dan turbinnya akan ditutup untuk membiarkan turbin terbang roda. Peralatan pengukuran dipasang untuk mencatat kekuatan output generator, dan kru di ruang kawalan reaktor diberi penerangan mengenai perincian teknikal ujian. Kerana injap wap penutup ditafsirkan oleh sistem keselamatan elektronik sebagai serangan maut yang menyebabkan pemadaman reaktor automatik, maka diputuskan untuk mematikan sistem keselamatan ini dan memindahkan kawalan manual kepada operator di ruang kawalan. Pengiraan menunjukkan operasi yang selamat sepanjang masa, ujian itu disetujui, dan dijadualkan pada malam 26 April 1986. Ketika orang Ukraine tidur dan penggunaan tenaga menurun, ujian bermula dan daya output Reactor 4 dihempaskan kembali mengikut rancangan.

Kegagalan yang tidak dijangka di stesen lain di tempat lain di Ukraine memerlukan Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl untuk mengambil alih penjanaan kuasa, dan pengawal grid elektrik menuntut Reaktor 4 dibawa kembali ke kuasa output penuh. Pelaksanaan eksperimen perlu ditangguhkan. Pada saat masalah diselesaikan dan eksperimen dapat dilanjutkan, pergeseran staf bilik kawalan telah berubah: pergeseran siang sudah lama pulang, dan pergeseran malam bersiap untuk meninggalkan dan menyerahkan kawalan reaktor ke shift malam. Kerana kelewatan ujian yang tidak disangka-sangka, pengendali shift malam tidak diberi penerangan, dan bukannya harus memantau panas yang merosot di reaktor yang tidak berfungsi, mereka ditugaskan untuk melaksanakan ujian dan bukannya rakan kerja shift malam mereka.

Serangkaian kesilapan manusia dari pengendali shift malam yang relatif tidak berpengalaman mengakibatkan reaktor hampir mati sepenuhnya, sekali lagi menyebabkan percubaan ditangguhkan. Diputuskan untuk mematikan sistem keselamatan automatik yang terakhir untuk mendapatkan reaktor dalam talian secepat mungkin, dan semua batang kawalan ditarik secara manual. Ini meninggalkan reaktor dalam keadaan yang sangat tidak stabil yang tidak dibenarkan oleh prosedur operasi. Ketika percubaan akhirnya dimulakan, mematikan injap stim menyebabkan maklum balas positif dalam daya output reaktor, tetapi penggera tidak diendahkan oleh pengendali di ruang kawalan. Tanpa sistem keselamatan automatik yang melawan turun naik kuasa reaktor, daya output melambung secara eksponensial hingga lebih dari 11 kali tahap kuasa maksimumnya.

Reaktor 4 meletup

Reaktor 4 seperti yang difoto dari helikopter sejurus selepas kemalangan.

Haba yang sangat besar yang dihasilkan oleh reaktor dalam masa yang singkat menyebabkan sisa air penyejuk di teras reaktor menyala ke wap. Gelombang kejutan yang dihasilkan meletupkan penutup reaktor, dan teras reaktor yang sangat panas terbakar ketika terkena udara luar. Bahan radioaktif yang mudah menguap dan zarah reaktor kecil dibawa ke udara oleh aliran udara kebakaran dan mula turun di kawasan yang luas di sekitar reaktor. Potongan teras reaktor dikeluarkan dari reaktor dan mendarat di sekitarnya, termasuk bumbung Reaktor 3 yang berdekatan, memulakan kebakaran di mana-mana. Atap Reaktor 4 hancur sepenuhnya, meninggalkan teras reaktor yang terbakar terdedah kepada persekitaran dan memancarkan tahap radiasi yang mematikan.

Pada tengah malam, sukar untuk menilai ukuran sebenar kemalangan itu. Briged pemadam kebakaran Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl dan brigade dari Pripyat dan Chernobyl diarahkan ke reaktor yang sedang membakar dalam usaha memadamkan api. Tidak ada yang menyangka reaktor itu rosak, menjadi kemalangan pertama seumpamanya dalam sejarah. Terdapat sedikit alat pengesan radiasi, dan tidak ada yang cukup tinggi untuk mengukur tahap radiasi yang dipancarkan oleh teras reaktor pembakaran. Pemadam kebakaran hanya mengetahui bahawa terdapat tahap radiasi yang tinggi, tetapi tidak ada yang baru berapa tinggi mereka. Hanya ketika keadaan dinilai pada pagi hari oleh helikopter, menjadi jelas apa yang telah terjadi ketika kru helikopter melihat inti reaktor yang terbakar dari udara.

Keruntuhan

Tanpa apa-apa untuk menyejukkan teras reaktor, ia meleleh dan dicampurkan dengan konkrit, keluli, dan bahagian lain dari reaktor, dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai kehancuran. Jisim radioaktif yang tinggi, mempunyai konsistensi seperti lava, mula mencair melalui bahagian bawah reaktor. Kekhawatiran langsung adalah lava radioaktif ini, yang sekarang disebut "corium", bersentuhan dengan air di ruang bawah tanah bangunan reaktor yang banjir. Sekiranya berlaku, air akan langsung masuk ke stim, menyebabkan letupan wap kedua berpotensi menghantar lebih banyak bahan radioaktif ke atmosfera. Sepasukan sukarelawan dikumpulkan untuk misi bunuh diri, dengan objektif untuk mencari injap di ruang bawah tanah dan membukanya untuk mengalirkan air. Dengan hanya terhad perlindungan radiasi dan peralatan menyelam asas, para jurutera berjaya menemui injap di kegelapan ruang bawah tanah yang banjir dan berjaya menyelesaikan misi mereka. Bertentangan dengan laporan media pada waktu itu, pasukan itu kembali hidup, dan tidak lama kemudian corium meleleh masuk ke ruang bawah tanah seperti yang diramalkan. Tanpa menghentikan aliran lava, hubungan dengan air tanah tidak akan dapat dielakkan. Jurutera membuat rancangan yang belum pernah dicuba sebelumnya: membekukan bumi di bawah bangunan reaktor. Sepasukan pelombong arang batu dipanggil dan ditugaskan untuk terowong di bawah reaktor, memasang paip untuk menyuntikkan nitrogen cair (pada -196 ° C) ke dalam bumi untuk membekukannya. Bagaimanapun, ketika corium menyebar, haba pembusukan sahaja tidak lagi mencukupi untuk menyimpannya cair, dan sebahagian besarnya padat di ruang bawah tanah. Strukturnya dikenali sebagai Kaki Gajah selepas bentuknya. Ia sangat radioaktif sehingga tidak pernah diperhatikan oleh manusia secara langsung; satu-satunya gambar yang diambil diambil di sudut dengan cermin kerana sinaran yang kuat serta merta memusnahkan sebarang peralatan kamera. Dengan melihatnya yang bermaksud kematian tertentu, Kaki Gajah disebut sebagai Medusa dari Chernobyl.

Pemindahan

Loji janakuasa seperti yang dilihat dari blok pangsapuri yang terbengkalai di Pripyat.

Ketika telah terbukti bahawa reaktor pembakar terus memuntahkan bahan radioaktif ke atmosfer dan tidak dapat ditutup dari lingkungan dengan cara apa pun, pihak berkuasa memerintahkan pemindahan semua kota, kota, dan desa di sekitar pembangkit listrik. Pada mulanya perimeter hanya 5 km, tetapi dengan cepat diperluas menjadi 10 km dan kemudian 30 km pada hari-hari setelah kemalangan. Dengan angin pada awalnya menguntungkan dan mengarahkan kejatuhan radioaktif yang paling jauh dari kawasan berpenduduk, keadaan merosot dengan cepat selepas 3 hari dan mengancam bandar Pripyat dengan 50,000 penduduk hanya 3 km ke utara loji janakuasa. Pemindahan skala besar diperintahkan, dengan kereta api dan lebih dari 1,000 bas tiba di bandar untuk menyelaraskan usaha pengungsian. Pada mulanya difikirkan bahawa kaedah untuk menahan radioaktiviti akan dapat ditemukan dengan cepat, dan penduduk Pripyat diberitahu bahawa pemindahan hanya akan dilakukan selama beberapa hari. Menjangkakan akan kembali dengan cepat, semua barang peribadi kecuali yang paling berharga ditinggalkan, dan ketika pengungsian menjadi kekal, Pripyat dan semua bandar dan kampung lain dibekukan dalam masa.

Untuk menghentikan penjarahan, tentera mengambil alih keselamatan kawasan-kawasan yang dipindahkan yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Zon Pengecualian. Pasukan pemburu dihantar ke kota dan kota untuk menghilangkan binatang peliharaan yang tertinggal, dan pasukan pembersih pergi dari rumah ke rumah untuk mengumpulkan makanan yang tersisa untuk mencegah wabak dan serangan makhluk perosak. Sebilangan besar mantan penduduk Zon Pengecualian ditempatkan semula di tempat lain di Kesatuan Soviet, dan dengan hampir tidak ada peluang ekonomi dalam Zon, hanya sedikit yang kembali. Zon Pengecualian tetap menjadi gurun nuklear terpencil hari ini.

Pelikuidasi

Persekitaran langsung dari sisa Reaktor 4 menjadi sangat radioaktif. Serpihan radioaktif yang tinggi, di antaranya bahagian teras reaktor itu sendiri, telah dilemparkan beratus-ratus meter jauhnya oleh letupan wap, dan sebatian radioaktif yang mudah menguap oleh panas yang kuat dari reaktor pembakaran telah turun di kawasan yang lebih luas. Penggali, penggali, jentolak, dan kenderaan robotik khusus dibawa ke laman web untuk membantu usaha pembersihan. Sebilangan besar tugas masih perlu dilakukan oleh manusia namun, terutama di kawasan dengan tingkat radioaktivitas tertinggi di mana robot bahkan dinonaktifkan oleh radiasi yang kuat. Pekerjaan yang paling terkenal adalah pembersihan bumbung Reaktor 3, yang dipenuhi dengan ketulan moderator grafit yang membara dan bahan bakar nuklear. Sukarelawan dari tentera memakai baju besi sebagai pelindung kasar terhadap radiasi dan kemudian berlari ke atas bumbung untuk menyapu serpihan di pinggirnya kembali ke ruang kosong di mana Reaktor 4 dulu. Radiasi yang kuat menghadkan masa kerja di bumbung hingga hanya 40 saat, selepas itu penyakit radiasi bermula. Dos sebenarnya jauh lebih tinggi daripada yang diukur, dan banyak di antaranya Pelikuidasi - nama tidak rasmi yang diberikan kepada kakitangan yang ditugaskan untuk membubarkan akibat kemalangan - penyakit akibat radiasi yang dijangkiti beberapa waktu selepas itu.

Dalam usaha menghentikan reaksi berantai, juruterbang helikopter terbaik dari Kesatuan Soviet mengemudi helikopter kargo terberat yang ada pada masa itu di atas reaktor yang terbakar. Mereka menjatuhkan pasir, konkrit, dan asid borik ke dalam reaktor untuk mematikannya, dan terkena langsung ke kilauan reaktor di bawah, sebahagian besar kru udara menerima dos radiasi yang mematikan. Salah satu helikopter menyerang kabel dari kren pembinaan berhampiran dan merempuh reaktor, membunuh kru. Selain pengendali bilik kawalan reaktor yang terbunuh akibat letupan wap, ini adalah satu-satunya kematian langsung yang direkodkan yang disebabkan oleh kemalangan itu - beratus-ratus lagi jatuh sakit pada hari-hari dan minggu-minggu setelah pembersihan mereka berubah, dan akhirnya meninggal dunia akibat keracunan radiasi. Walaupun tidak semua pelikuidasi mati, istilah itu menjadi sinonim untuk misi bunuh diri dalam usaha untuk membendung pencemaran radioaktif. Tragisnya, terungkap bertahun-tahun kemudian bahawa sebagian besar muatan yang diturunkan oleh kru helikopter gagal mencapai sasaran mereka, membuat juruterbang mengorbankan sia-sia.

Untuk mengatasi pencemaran di sekitar reaktor yang hancur, kawasan-kawasan yang mempunyai pencemaran terburuk ditebang. Pokok menerima dos radiasi tinggi sehingga seluruh hutan mati, menjadikannya merah. Ini disebut Hutan Merah ditebang dan pokok-pokok dikebumikan di parit. Bangunan dihancurkan dan runtuhan juga terkubur, kawasan radioaktif yang paling banyak dikonkrit untuk mengelakkan bahan radioaktif melarikan diri. Di pinggir Hutan Merah, tepat di sebelah barat dari tanda kota Pripyat, banyak tambalan konkrit dapat dijumpai di rumput sebagai batu nisan yang menutupi kuburan berbahaya mereka. Kenderaan yang digunakan dalam usaha pembubaran seperti trak, APC, jentolak, helikopter dan lain-lain dikumpulkan di tanah perkuburan kenderaan di Buriakivka. Tanah perkuburan itu dapat dikunjungi hingga tahun 2008, ketika pihak berkuasa menganggapnya terlalu berbahaya. Sebilangan kenderaan tetap radioaktif mematikan sehingga 2019. Sebilangan kenderaan itu telah dibuang dan dikitar semula. Beberapa kenderaan dikuburkan dengan tergesa-gesa, dan sebahagian daripadanya masih dapat dilihat melekat keluar dari tanah. Peralatan perlindungan diri yang digunakan oleh pelikuidasi, kebanyakan sumur dan sarung tangan, dibuang ke semua tempat dan tetap menjadi tempat panas radioaktif hari ini.

Sarcophagus

Sarcophagus sebelum dilindungi oleh bangunan New Safe Confinement.

Dengan sisa-sisa reaktor yang dipadamkan terkena hujan dan angin, bahan radioaktif terus dilepaskan ke atmosfera. Mencegah pelepasan pencemaran selanjutnya adalah keutamaan, dan pada 20 Mei 1986, hanya 20 hari selepas kemalangan itu, para jurutera telah menyelesaikan reka bentuk bangunan penahanan untuk menutup sisa-sisa reaktor dari dunia luar. Projek kejuruteraan awam besar-besaran berlaku, dalam usaha untuk membina apa yang segera dipanggil Sarcophagus. Pembinaan memerlukan masa 206 hari dalam keadaan yang teruk, dengan pembangun terdedah kepada tahap radiasi yang mematikan. Lebih dari 400 000 m³ konkrit dan 7 300 tan baja digunakan dalam pembinaan Sarcophagus, yang dirancang untuk menampung 250 tan serpihan reaktor dan debu radioaktif. Pada saat Sarcophagus hampir selesai, bahagian dalamnya menjadi terlalu radioaktif untuk dikimpal, dan oleh itu tidak semua ruang kosong dapat ditutup dengan betul. Sarcophagus dirancang untuk bertahan sekurang-kurangnya 30 tahun, memberi para jurutera banyak masa untuk mencari jalan penyelesaian yang lebih kekal. Bersama dengan cerobong bersebelahan, Sarcophagus menjadi pemandangan paling ikonik yang berkaitan dengan kemalangan itu, dan struktur tunggal yang paling banyak difoto di Ukraine selepas pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet.

Zon Pengasingan

Sedikit yang diketahui bahawa 3 reaktor operasi lain dari Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl terus menghasilkan elektrik lama selepas kemalangan itu, kerana kerajaan Ukraine tidak mampu kehilangan kapasiti pengeluaran. Selepas kemerdekaan Ukraine pada tahun 1991, negara-negara yang bersempadan dengan Ukraine dan Kesatuan Eropah negara anggota menjadi prihatin terhadap keadaan 3 reaktor nuklear yang beroperasi dan kemungkinan kekurangan penyelenggaraan yang mereka terima setelah penarikan saintis Soviet dari laman web ini. Tekanan politik meningkat untuk mematikan reaktor, dan Reaktor 3 - ironinya yang berada di sebelah Reaktor 4 yang hancur - adalah yang terakhir dibawa ke luar talian pada bulan Disember 2000, lebih dari 16 tahun selepas kemalangan itu berlaku. Kakitangan terakhir yang tersisa dievakuasi, dan staf Zona Pengecualian diturunkan menjadi kru kerangka yang terdiri terutama dari anggota bomba dan pengawal keselamatan. Dengan hampir semua orang yang pergi, 2.300 km2 Zona Pengecualian menjadi benar-benar sepi, dan disebut sebagai Zon Pengasingan.

Pengurungan Selamat Baru

Penjagaan Selamat Baru dalam pembinaan.

Semasa melawat Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl hari ini, pengunjung tidak dapat melihat cerobong ikonik atau Sarcophagus, yang terakhir kini merangkum gerbang setinggi 100 m yang disebut Pengurungan Selamat Baru bangunan, sering disebut sebagai NSC. Pembinaannya adalah usaha antarabangsa bersama, selesai pada akhir 2018. Tidak seperti Sarcophagus, NSC dirancang sebagai penyelesaian tetap dengan tujuan eksplisit untuk menyediakan kemudahan untuk pembongkaran struktur yang ada di masa depan dan pemulihan akhir laman web ini - kapan pun ia akan dilakukan. Cerobong itu dirobohkan untuk memberi ruang bagi NSC, dan dengan itu, Loji Tenaga Nuklear Chernobyl telah kehilangan tempat-tempat menariknya yang paling terkenal dan dikenali. NSC dibina 140 m sebelah barat Sarcophagus, dan didorong ke atas Sarcophagus di rel menggunakan piston hidraulik. Dengan panjang 270 m dan lebar 150 m, NSC adalah struktur bergerak darat terbesar di planet ini.

Lawatan berpandu masih berhenti di sebuah tugu sekitar 200 m dari NSC, yang dikhaskan untuk pekerja yang mengorbankan kesihatan mereka dalam pembinaan Sarcophagus. Sangat berbeza dengan tahun 1986, tahap radiasi di sekitar loji kuasa sekarang sangat rendah (tidak pernah melebihi 5 µSv / jam), dan oleh itu sangat selamat untuk dikunjungi.

NSC termasuk sistem robot untuk membantu dalam pembongkaran dan penutupan Sarcophagus dan sisa-sisa Reaktor 4, oleh itu usaha pembersihan ini tidak akan dapat dilihat oleh pengunjung. Dengan besarnya usaha pembersihan yang masih belum ditentukan, bentuk logam berkilat NSC berjanji untuk menguasai lanskap selama bertahun-tahun yang akan datang.

Status semasa

Pripyat adalah kerangka pembekuan kehidupan Soviet 1980-an. Slogan propaganda masih tergantung di dinding, dan mainan kanak-kanak dan barang-barang lain tetap seperti dulu. Bangunan sudah reput, cat mengelupas dan penjarah telah merampas barang-barang yang mungkin bernilai. Pokok dan rumput menuntut semula tanah dengan teruk. Zon Pengecualian adalah destinasi pelancongan yang mengerikan. Pada tahun 2002, ia dibuka untuk pelancongan, dan pada tahun 2004 terdapat 870 pengunjung, jumlah yang meningkat menjadi 70 000 pada tahun 2018, meningkat 20.000 orang dari tahun 2017. Dalam usaha untuk membangkitkan sentimen dari para pelancong, para pemandu sayangnya telah tergoda dengan memanipulasi sejarah Pripyat , misalnya dengan meninggalkan beruang teddy bear yang separuh reput di lokasi tertentu.

Walaupun 33 tahun selepas kemalangan itu, perdebatan mengenai jumlah kematiannya masih berterusan. Takut dengan PR yang buruk, selama beberapa tahun Uni Soviet melarang pemeriksa perubatan menyenaraikan radiasi sebagai penyebab kematian. Anggaran kematian yang berkaitan dengan kemalangan berkisar antara 56 hingga 1,000,000! Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia menunjukkan angka akhir dapat mencapai 4.000 kematian orang awam, angka yang tidak termasuk korban jiwa di kalangan pelikuidasi dari tentera ketenteraan Soviet. Angka-angka yang dinyatakan untuk kematian akibat penyakit yang disebabkan oleh pendedahan radiasi dan barah sangat berbeza, dengan Greenpeace memberikan anggaran lebih dari 200,000. A Orang Rusia penerbitan menyimpulkan bahawa antara tahun 1986–2004 terdapat 985.000 kematian akibat kanser pramatang di seluruh dunia akibat pencemaran radioaktif dari Chernobyl.

Penempatan terbesar yang dihuni di Zona Pengecualian pada tahun 2019 adalah bandar Chernobyl, setelah itu dinamakan stesen janakuasa nuklear. Kira-kira 3,000 orang tinggal di sana, dan hampir semua bekerja di Zon Pengecualian pada 15 hari dalam, 15 hari dari jadual penggiliran. Termasuk pelancong dan pegawai (pemeriksa UAEA, jurutera, saintis), jumlah populasi di Kawasan Pengecualian sekarang berbeza antara 5.000 hingga 7.000, jadi anda pasti tidak akan bersendirian lagi ketika berkunjung.

Baca

  • Svetlana Alexievich's Suara dari Chernobyl: Sejarah Lisan Bencana Nuklear menawarkan pandangan peribadi mengenai kehidupan penduduk sebelum dan selepas kehancuran. ISBN 0312425848.
  • Penilaian UNSCEAR mengenai kesan radiasi.

Bandar dan bandar

Dengan pengecualian bandar Chernobyl itu sendiri, semua bandar dan bandar di Zon Pengecualian secara rasmi ditinggalkan. Pada kenyataannya, ini hanya diberlakukan di daerah-daerah dalam Zona Pengasingan 10 km di sekitar Reaktor 4, dan oleh kerana tahap radiasi telah secara alamiah membusuk, beberapa desa di pinggiran Zona Pengecualian sedang diduduki kembali oleh peneroka.

  • 1 Chernobyl (Bahasa Ukraine: Чорнобильська атомна електростанція) - Satu-satunya bandar yang didiami di Zon Pengecualian, setelah itu diberi nama Loji Tenaga Nuklear.
  • 2 Pripyat Pripyat on Wikipedia (Ukraine: При́п'ять) - Pernah sebuah bandar tertutup yang dibina untuk pekerja Nuklear Power Plant, dan dipindahkan sepenuhnya pada hari-hari selepas kemalangan. Terkenal dalam banyak permainan komputer, dan destinasi pelancongan yang popular di Zon Pengecualian.
  • 3 Buryakivka (Bahasa Ukraine: Буряківка) - Bandar sekitar 20 km dari loji tenaga nuklear, dan salah satu penempatan di jalan langsung awan kejatuhan radioaktif. Ia dipindahkan dan ditinggalkan. Beberapa bangunan tetap ada, dalam tahap kerosakan yang berbeza-beza. Tahap radiasi bervariasi antara 1 µSv / jam di jalan raya dan 3,5 µSv / jam di kawasan berhutan pada tahun 2019. Terdapat juga stesen keretapi terbengkalai 2 km utara barat bandar.
  • 4 Poliske Poliske on Wikipedia - Bandar berhampiran Belarus sempadan, dipindahkan secara rasmi tetapi terus dihuni oleh kira-kira 20 orang.
  • 5 Opachychi Opachychi on Wikipedia
  • 6 Vilcha Vilcha, Kyiv Oblast on Wikipedia - Bandar terbengkalai dengan pusat pemeriksaan keselamatan bagi pengunjung yang memasuki Zon Pengecualian dari Belarus.

Terdapat beberapa kampung terbengkalai di zon pengecualian, dan sangat menarik untuk dilihat. Pengunjung dapat melihat rumah ladang, pondok kecil dan banyak tumbuh-tumbuhan. Hati-hati memasuki kawasan-kawasan ini, kerana tumbuh-tumbuhan selalu membawa tahap radioaktiviti sisa yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada kawasan konkrit. Panduan akan selalu memberitahu anda untuk tidak memijak lumut, dan debu di lopak kering cenderung memusatkan radioaktif. Selain itu, perhatikan di mana anda berjalan, kerana kebanyakan bangunan telah rusak akibat kombinasi pengabaian dan akibat kerosakan aktif oleh orang.

Masuk

51 ° 10′37 ″ N 30 ° 4′24 ″ E
Bekas Chernobyl Raion

Untuk mendapatkan akses ke Zona Pengecualian, diperlukan izin. Kaedah termudah untuk mendapatkannya adalah melalui pengendali pelancongan, di mana terdapat banyak yang berpusat di Kyiv. Sekiranya melakukan lawatan, tempahan terlebih dahulu adalah wajib, tetapi beberapa pengendali pelancongan membenarkan pendaftaran dalam talian. Beberapa pengendali pelancongan secara efektif memerlukan tempahan sekurang-kurangnya seminggu lebih awal untuk mengelakkan harga yang tinggi atau tidak ada ketersediaan, tetapi beberapa lawatan berpotensi tersedia beberapa hari sebelumnya.

Orang asing mesti mempunyai pasport mereka untuk memasuki zon pengecualian, bersama dengan izin mereka yang dicetak. Tunjukkan pasport dan permit di 1 pusat pemeriksaan keselamatan, selepas itu penjaga akan mengimbas kod QR pada izin dan mengesahkan identiti. Semasa proses pengesahan, pengunjung diminta untuk menunggu di luar kenderaan mereka, jadi berpakaian dengan tepat sebelum tiba di pusat pemeriksaan. Pusat pemeriksaan yang lebih besar mempunyai paparan maklumat untuk membantu pengunjung, dan mungkin juga termasuk bilik cenderahati yang memainkan lagu dari siri permainan Fallout untuk menjadikan pengalaman yang mendalam lengkap! Elakkan membuat gambar tempat pemeriksaan keselamatan, pegawai, atau tentera, kerana ini boleh mengakibatkan kamera dirampas dan / atau dihapus.

Badan pemerintah yang memiliki wilayah hukum di situs dalam peraturan No.1157 menetapkan bahwa permintaan untuk izin Zona harus diterapkan setidaknya selama 10 hari kantor (yang dapat membuat hingga 14 hari kalender) sebelum kunjungan yang direncanakan.

  • Chaes-tour.com, 1/36, Bastionnaya str., Kyiv, 380 94 928-15-88. ChAES-tour akan membolehkan anda mengetahui secara langsung apa yang berlaku di zon Chernobyl NPP & Pripyat yang kini ditutup, untuk menyentuh rahsia dan kejadiannya, untuk mengetahui apa itu sinaran berbahaya dan belajar bagaimana memenanginya. Lawatan berkelompok 1-, 2- atau lebih yang dijadualkan sepanjang hari atas permintaan, semua jenis boleh bertema. Harga termasuk waktu maksimum di zon Chernobyl (berlepas dari Kyiv pada jam 08:00, kembali pada 20: 00-21: 00), program lawatan yang luas di Zon Pengecualian Chernobyl, pengawasan penulis Sergei Mirnyi, seorang pelikuidasi dan penulis, atau oleh pemandu yang dilatih khas olehnya, belajar bagaimana bertahan di sinaran latar belakang yang tinggi, menonton dokumentari mengenai Chernobyl, serta insurans, bas berhawa dingin yang selesa, peta laluan, sijil peribadi yang membuktikan lawatan anda ke Chernobyl. Dari US $ 89 perjalanan 1 hari ke US $ 787 perjalanan 5 hari setiap orang.
  • Lawatan Chernobyl, Polupanova str., 1, Chernobyl, 380 44 383 4588. M-F 10: 00-18: 00. Perjalanan berdasarkan pengetahuan yang paling maju mengenai Chernobyl dan radiasi, dan mesra pengguna dan menyeronokkan. Mereka menunjukkan secara mendalam sejarah Chernobyl yang kaya dan sifat Zon, dan mengajar kemahiran bertahan radiasi. Lawatan berkelompok 1-, 2- atau lebih yang dijadualkan sepanjang hari atas permintaan, semua jenis boleh bertema. Perjalanan 1 hari - US $ 116-160, perjalanan 2 hari - US $ 265-314 seorang. Harga termasuk rasmi Kawasan pas akses, panduan berbahasa Inggeris, pick-up dan drop-off Kyiv, pengangkutan, peta laluan dan Zon. Kemungkinan untuk menyewa dosimeter-radiometer peribadi.
  • ChernobylTrip.com. Lawatan ekologi ke zon Chernobyl dan Pripyat. Anda akan melakukan perjalanan dengan panduan berbahasa Inggeris profesional. Chernobyl Tour merangkumi pemindahan ke dan dari zon Chernobyl, makan tengah hari dan lawatan di Chernobyl, dan asrama sekiranya perjalanan 2 hari.
  • Chernobylwel.com. Lawatan ini memberi peluang untuk melihat tempat-tempat yang biasanya tidak dapat dilihat termasuk menara penyejuk 5 dan 6, bertemu dengan warga tempatan dan mengunjungi perkuburan juruteknik. Mereka juga menawarkan perjalanan 2 hari dengan harga € 200-250 untuk lawatan dari Kyiv.
  • Perjalanan Gamma. Menganjurkan lawatan berpandu ke Zon Pengecualian, baik sebagai perjalanan satu hari atau selama beberapa hari dengan penginapan semalaman di Chernobyl. €89.
  • Perjalanan Lupin, 44 19 4270 4525, . Sebuah firma yang berpangkalan di UK yang menawarkan lawatan Chernobyl 1-, 2- dan 4-hari termasuk pemindahan lapangan terbang pilihan dan penginapan pangsapuri di Kyiv. Untuk penginapan semalaman keperluan makanan dibawa masuk dari luar Kawasan. Kos untuk menyertai lawatan berkumpulan adalah dari € 139 / orang.
  • [pautan mati]Pripyat.com. Lawatan teratur untuk pengecualian Chernobyl Kawasan dan kota Pripyat yang dikendalikan oleh bekas penduduk. Termasuk lawatan rasmi dengan testimoni, cerita dan kenangan mengenai hari-hari kemalangan dari orang-orang yang tinggal di wilayah ini. Mereka melakukan lawatan maklumat yang sangat menarik dan semuanya dilakukan secara sah.
  • Perjalanan SoloEast, pejabat 105, # 10 Proreznaya St., Kyiv, 380 44 279 3505. Salah satu penyedia pelancongan pertama ke Chernobyl. Insurans mandatori (US $ 10) dan monitor radiasi pilihan (AS $ 10) tidak termasuk dalam harga yang diiklankan. US $ 79 / seorang.
  • Star Sky Travel, 380 68 364 1424. Perjalanan ke zon Chernobyl untuk kumpulan dan pelancong individu; pemindahan lapangan terbang dan keretapi; Perkhidmatan VIP; sokongan visa pelancong, jemputan pelajar, jemputan perniagaan.
  • Jelajah2chernobyl.com, Jalan Illinska 12, Kyiv (Mereka biasanya bertemu dengan kumpulan mereka pada pukul 09:00 di tempat pertemuan di Kyiv, naik bas dan bertolak ke Chernobyl), 38 096 785 43 63, bebas tol: 1 808 226 10 85, . M-F 09: 00-18: 00. Anda boleh menyemak tarikh yang tersedia untuk lawatan berkumpulan di laman web kami. Lawatan ini merangkumi Zon Chernobyl, Ghost Town Prypyat dan Radar Duga. Lawatan ini rasmi dan diluluskan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan Ukraine. Skype: tour2chernobyl.com dari US $ 49 seorang.
  • Web Ukraine. A North America based firm offering all-inclusive, English speaking guided tours to the Zone. Tours include a Kyiv pick-up and drop-off, Zone access pass, transportation and lunch. Friendly service, fast and convenient booking with various payment options.

Safety rules

All visitors are given a list of safety rules, which must be read and signed before entering the Exclusion Zone:

  • Do not act as in an amusement park: It is the site of a nuclear disaster and still dangerous, so act reasonably and responsibly.
  • Do not take pictures/footage of security measures: Police, guards, checkpoints, CCTV cameras and systems of physical protection are not the right place for cool selfies.
  • Do not touch anything and do not sit on the ground: Try to avoid any contact with potentially contaminated surfaces. When you sit on the ground or any place, you significantly increase the risk of contaminating yourself.
  • Avoid additional exposure: It is forbidden to wear shorts, t-shirts, skirts or other open types of clothing during a visit.
  • Do not take items that originate from the Zone: It is not only very dangerous for your health but also strictly prohibited by the Law.
  • Do not eat or drink at open air: You can swallow radioactive dust along with food, and they will remain inside your body.
  • Do not consume alcohol and/or drugs: While in the Zone, you must be sober and in adequate condition. No exceptions.
  • Do not smoke anywhere except designated places: Smoking often causes fires, and remains add trash.

Keliling

Public transport facilities in the Exclusion Zone are limited to bus services only. During day time there are regular services between the 1 Central bus station in Chernobyl town and the 2 Administrative building of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.

Many of the tourist attractions (Duga radar, Buriakivka, Kopachi, ...) are not served by the public transport services, so it is recommended to hire a vehicle with driver to get around.

The distances inside the Exclusion Zone are vast, roads are in a deplorable condition, and there are no sidewalks or bike lanes. Private motorized vehicles are the only realistic alternative to public bus services.

Radiation detection portals in use to check for contamination when leaving the Zone of Alienation.

When leaving the Zone of Alienation, the area within 10 km of the exploded reactor, every vehicle will be checked with a radiation detector at a 3 checkpoint. All passengers need to leave the vehicle and must pass through a detection portal to check for any radioactive contamination on hands, body, clothes, or shoes. The detection portals are completely automated: simply step in sideways, placing feet on the bottom detectors and hands on the detection plates on either side of the portal. The barrier will unlock after a few seconds if no contamination is detected.If radioactive contamination is detected on clothes or shoes, they must be taken off and washed off. If contamination can't be removed then these clothes must be left behind. If contamination is detected on your body, you will be asked to take a shower before being rechecked by the radiation detection portal.

Amaran PerjalananAMARAN: Radioactive contamination is taken very seriously in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, so expect guards armed with AK-47s at the checkpoint. Do not make photographs or video recordings of the checkpoint or its staff. Likewise, if you are found to have set off the radiation detection portals by trying to smuggle "souvenirs" out of the Zone of Alienation, you will be arrested because it is illegal to bring radioactive materials out of the area without explicit permit.
(Information last updated Aug 2020)

Lihat

Liquidators monument showing firefighters in action to extinguish the burning reactor
  • 1 Monument to the Chernobyl Liquidators (Робототехника участвовавшая в ликвидации аварии) (across the street of the fire station). 24/7. A memorial inaugurated for the 10th anniversary of the disaster in 1996, dedicated to the liquidators -- firefighters who risked their lives in an attempt to put out the fire in the burning reactor during the days following the reactors explosion, and while dealing with the removal of its consequences. Many received deadly doses of radiation while trying to get the fire under control, largely unaware of the lethal radiation levels they were exposed to, and with no adequate protection against it whatsoever. The inscription of the monument reads "To Those Who Saved the World". Percuma. Chernobyl liquidator (Q1377734) on Wikidata Pelikuidasi Chernobyl di Wikipedia
The New Safe Confinement structure protecting the world from the reactor. It hides the Sarcophagus inside. The iconic chimney was demolished in the construction process.
Scale model of the Sarcophagus in the NSC Visitor Centre
  • 2 New Safe Confinement (NSC). A 100-m-tall arch designed to replace the iconic sarcophagus as confinement structure to keep radioactive materials contained. It can be seen from a distance of kilometres away. You'll not be able to get too close, but the nearest 3 observation point is 200 m away. The only way to get closer is if you are a scientist or a film maker that has had months of preparation in advance. Although radiation levels here will be much higher than elsewhere in the region, you will not be able to pick up a significant dose during your stay. Pengurungan Selamat Baru (Q1506085) di Wikidata Chernobyl New Safe Confinement di Wikipedia
  • 4 Monument to the Constructors of the Sarcophagus. 24/7. A monument dedicated to the thousands of workers who put their lives and health at stake during the construction of the Sarcophagus. Percuma.
  • 5 Bridge of Death. 24/7. Bridge between Pripyat and the Nuclear Power Plant. According to urban legends, on the night of the accident, people gathered on the bridge to watch the blue glow of ionizing air above the burning reactor, without knowing the dose rate was a deadly 500 R/h. The myth was propagated by journalists and stuck, whereas in reality the dose rate was much lower and no direct casualties were recorded among observers. Percuma.
  • 6 Mechanic yard (МТС (машинно-тракторная станция)). 24/7. A mechanic workshop where agricultural vehicles were maintained, refurbished, and scrapped for parts before the accident. During the cleanup it was used for the maintenance of vehicles used by liquidators, and the site has been abandoned ever since. Fertilizer machines, corn harvesters, and numerous other agricultural vehicles are now rusting away in a birch forest that is overgrowing them. There is a pick up truck with a trefoil logo on its door, a great place for a souvenir photo. For those interested, there are numerous radiation hot spots in and around the workshop, which can be found with a Geiger counter. Percuma.
  • 7 Concrete Mixing Plant. 24/7. A roadside concrete mixing plant with 4 hoppers and supporting facilities that transferred and produced the concrete that was used for the construction of the Sarcophagus. Some rubble with white tiles has been dumped on the site after the completion of the construction work, and is noticeable radioactive (~ 5 µSv/h). Percuma.
  • 8 Vehicle Cemetery Buryakivka (Кладовище техніки ПЗРВ "БУРЯКІВКА"). appointment only. After the worst debris and fallout was cleaned up, a large number of highly radioactive vehicles were left scattered around the Exclusion Zone. They were relocated to a patch of concrete in the middle of the forest, near the town of Buryakivka. This vehicle cemetery features hundreds of vehicles including armoured transport vehicles, diggers, tankers, cranes, bulldozers, and the remains of 8 of the largest Soviet transport helicopters. The most interesting "residents" of the vehicle cemetery are 3 robots used on the roof of reactor 3 to clean up radioactive debris. The most iconic one, the West German "Joker", is contaminated with nuclear fuel particles and remains dangerously radioactive. Percuma.
  • 9 The Claw (Гейферний ковш) (behind the Special Engineering Service building). A crane gripper used to remove radioactive debris in the aftermath of the accident. It remains measurably radioactive, and is often cited in popular culture as the most radioactive object in Pripyat bandar. Because of the natural decay of radioactive isotopes, the claw can nowadays be approached safely but should not be touched to avoid contaminating oneself. Percuma.

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

The power plant, home to four decommissioned RBMK-1000 reactors, offers amazing insight into Soviet nuclear and architectural engineering practices for those able to arrange in-depth visits. Commercial tours stop only at the Reactor 4 observation pavilion. Visitors wishing to experience the interior of the plant must request permission via a letter faxed to the plant's general director (Igor Gramotkin) as outlined on the plant's website. The letter should introduce you or your group, and explain in detail what you want to see. Admission, by no means guaranteed, presumably favors professionals employed in relevant fields. Visitors are issued badges and indirectly-read TLD-type dosimeters at the power plant entrance, then pass through a modern security checkpoint in the ABK-1 administrative building, and thereafter are given cotton coats, caps, and booties in preparation for entering the radiological control zone. A higher standard of dosimetry and personal protective equipment may be issued for some areas, such as the "Sarcophagus." Visitors' own dosimetry devices are not allowed inside ChNPP. Always be mindful that this is a fueled nuclear facility and security is taken seriously. Strictly follow directions from plant personnel about photography, and never attempt to rest anything on the floor (it may be confiscated due to contamination). The exit portal monitors at ChNPP are thankfully much less sensitive than those found in most American nuclear plants, but still it's a good idea to wear fresh clothes and shoes rather than articles that may have been contaminated elsewhere in the Zone. In 2011, visitation was allowed to Unit 3 main circulation pump rooms, the live 750-kV switchyard control room, the Unit 1 control room, the Phase 1 dosimetry panel, and the memorial to engineer Valery Khodemchuk in the ventilation building between Reactors 3 and 4, among other places. The turbine hall was closed due to excessive radioactivity in 2011, but was accessible in 2010. A particularly interesting place is the bunker under ABK-1 that is used as an emergency response center (as it was in the 1986 accident).

The power plant has a cafeteria that serves freshly-prepared and appetizing Ukrainian food.

Some commercial tours may stop to feed bread to the monstrous catfish living in the condenser cooling channel that flows under the railroad bridge near ABK-1. Do not take pictures in the direction of the power plant from this location. (Your guide will probably make this rule abundantly clear.)

ChNPP has its own train station, 1 Semikhody. Trains travel without stopping between Semikhody and Slavutych. The service is free. As there are no stops while the train passes through Belarus, there are no border controls. Visitors exiting the Exclusion Zone via Semikhody must pass through a portal monitor and their personal belongings may be frisked for radionuclide contamination.

  • 10 Cooling Towers. 24/7. At the time of the accident, 2 more reactors of the same type as no. 4 were under construction to the south east of the existing 4 reactors. Construction was efforts were suspended indefinitely after the accident, and the nearly completed reactors were never fuelled. The structure is being dismantled as of 2019, but its half completed cooling towers remain. The northern tower is about twice as tall as the southern tower and can be seen from a distance. The concrete rebar sticking out from the top rim is a silent witness of the abruptness with which construction was halted. Percuma.
  • 11 Fish hatchery. 24/7. On the shore of the lake near the cooling water intake canal entrance is a fish hatchery with supporting buildings. Fishery was an economically interesting opportunity in the lake because it never froze over due to the elevated temperature of the water being used to cool the 4 operational reactors. This meant fishing was sustainable year round, and the fish caught were larger than elsewhere. The fish hatchery was abandoned after the accident, and one of the few buildings within a 5 km radius around reactor no. 4 that are not related to the power plant itself. The hatchery is not fenced off and can be visited, along with the remains of its floating dock. The shore offers a nice viewing point for the lake. Percuma.
  • 12 Atomskaya Mural. 24/7. The largest mural in the Exclusion Zone, depicting Przewalski horses living in harmony with the power of the atom in the hand of mankind. Percuma.
The Red Forest, with a radiation warning sign
  • 13 Red Forest. 24/7. A strip of birch and pine forest that was contaminated with the worst fallout, killing off most of the vegetation because of the intense radiation and turning trees reddish brown — hence the name. Trees were felled and buried in trenches by liquidators, then covered over with soil and occasionally concrete slabs.

    The Red Forest is still the most radioactive area in the Exclusion Zone, and marked with radiation warning signs but not fenced off in any way. As of 2019, radiation levels vary between 4 µSv/h (microsievert/hour) and 15 µSv/h, with local hot spots reaching 40 µSv/h. Spots where material is buried have considerably higher dose levels. It is recommended to stay no longer than 90 minutes around these hot spots (equivalent to a daily accumulated those of 60 µSv which is the threshold for radiation workers). As the most radioactive outdoor area in Europe, exploring the Red Forest is an experience on its own, but adequate safety measures mesti be taken. Wear protective wellies, carry an electronic dosimeter (PED) with warning threshold set no higher than 20 µSv/h, and do not touch anything. When leaving the Red Forest, protective wellies must be decontaminated (washed off).

    If possible, take a geiger counter or similar radiation measurement device with you into the Red Forest to compare activity levels at different locations. Birch trees and lichen are particularly prone to absorbing radioactive Cesium (accounting to the majority of radiation after 32 years), and often read much higher radiation levels with peaks up to 3,000 counts per second not exceptional. Make sure the probe of the geiger counter does not touch any of the vegetation to avoid contaminating it!
    Percuma. Hutan Merah (Q279119) di Wikidata Hutan Merah di Wikipedia

Pripyat

Now a ghost town, Pripyat in April 1986 was home to 50,000 people. The ferris wheel in the foreground is a grimly ironic reminder of the normality of life before the reactor accident.
The central square of Pripyat as of 2008. In 22 years, vegetation had grown through the concrete.
This amusement park was scheduled to open only four days after the Chernobyl accident, but this never happened. The ferris wheel, swings, bumper cars and the merry-go-round were never officially used and are now rusting away.

The famous abandoned city, which once housed 50,000 residents. Sights to see are the schools, kindergarten, public buildings and the amazing cultural palace which contains a swimming pool, cinema and gymnasium, and overlooks the famous ferris wheel. Hazards are the crumbling buildings, and decaying wooden floors in places – so be careful. The government has deemed all buildings in the town condemned, so most tours will not let you enter the buildings*.

*As of 2019, entry into all buildings in Pripyat is banned, because as the buildings age they become structurally unstable, and the government and most tour groups would rather not deal with the results of a tour group being caught in a cave-in. Experienced guides in some tours, however, know which buildings are "safe" (stable enough) to enter, and will take groups in for photos. If they do, only go where they go as they know what parts of the buildings are stable and what parts aren't. Generally this is limited to the sports facility (the pool) and the roof of an apartment tower. Most of the buildings were 'cleaned' of their radiation during the liquidation process and now contain amounts similar to downtown Kyiv, so the dangers come not from radiation but from the buildings themselves. Places like the amusement park and the main square are still accessible because they don't involve entering any buildings.

Minibus day-trips from Kyiv typically stop in the town's center, at the west end of Lenin Street near the Palace of Culture. Short-term visitors are confined to the pavement at ground level; if you join one of these tours, your risk exposure is minimal, but so too is your exposure to the vast cultural reliquary that is Pripyat. A more in-depth visit (several days, staying overnight at the InterInform hotel in Chernobyl, eating meals at the InterInform stolovaya) costs about US$200 per person per day in a group of four (2011). The long-term visitor is rewarded with considerably more freedom to explore, accompanied of course by an InterInform guide.

Decades of neglect have resulted in a physically-hazardous ex-urban environment in which radiation is of distant, secondary concern. Hazards include uncovered manholes in the middle of barely-recognizable streets, open elevator shafts, flooded basements, decayed wooden floors, collapsed roofs, large amounts of broken glass, challenging footpath obstructions in dark hallways, and quite possibly asbestos. Flashlights are essential to exploring interiors. Although radiation isn't a relatively major concern, the "hotter" spots in town would most certainly be off-limits to the public in the United States or Western Europe. As an example, the basement of the Polyclinic contains first responders' clothing (firefighters' clothes, boots, helmets, etc.) and presents external gamma exposure rates approaching one roentgen (R) per hour (June 2010). As of October 2017, the only access into the hospital basement is by crawling through a hole dug after the basement access was deliberately buried. Some other hot spots are well known to guides and they can either help you avoid these places or find them if so inclined. The hot spots most commonly visited by tours are mostly marked with radiation signage. These hot spots are generally either places that were not decontaminated previously, contaminated objects, or locations where radioactive materials have collected together due to rain runoff. The most important precaution concerning radioactivity is to avoid ingesting loose contamination. Although your guide might eat snacks or smoke in Pripyat, you should not – particularly if you have been handling things or visiting places like the hospital basement. Buy an ample supply of drinking water at one of the magazines in Chernobyl before going to Pripyat (obviously there is not potable water there). Water can also be used to rinse contaminated shoes before re-entering vehicles.

  • 14 Duga Radar. 24/7. Within the 10 km zone is a large former secret radar installation that the Soviet government used to detect missiles, the Duga 3 Radar. From Pripyat, it is easy to see in the distance, if looking from a point of elevation. Percuma. Radar Duga (Q902605) di Wikidata Radar Duga di Wikipedia

Adakah

A Geiger counter type radiation detector used to measure radioactivity of a tree in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
  • 1 Test a radiation detector. Although radiation detectors (Geiger counters, etc.) tick at many places in the Exclusion Zone, most of the measured activity is very close to natural background levels or slightly above. There are however notable hot spots, where radiation levels are many hundreds or even thousands of times higher than background radiation. If you've never heard a Geiger counter tick, then these are perfect locations to test them out! If you're brave, a good location is this waste separation facility, with radiation levels of ca. 1 mSv/h close to the ground. The radiation is concentrated in an area of about 10 x 10 m. It's recommended to stay no longer than 5 minutes in the area, which should be more than sufficient to make a video recording of a ticking Geiger counter!

Beli

Since all goods, including food and beverages, are imported into the Exclusion Zone from elsewhere in Ukraine, anything you purchase in the Exclusion Zone is more expensive than in the rest of Ukraine. The only shops are convenience and grocery stores, of which there are quite a few in Chernobyl town. They all sell very similar items: water, sodas, spirits, sausages and dried meats, canned foods, frozen foods, and a limited selection of convenience items and dairy products. Fresh fruits and vegetables are hard to find in the Exclusion Zone.

As a general rule, shops in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone only accept cash. There is an 1 ATM at Radianska, but the amount of cash that can be retrieved is limited per transaction.

Food and beverages

A typical grocery store in Chernobyl
  • 1 Central bus station, Kirova 2б. Grocery store in the main building of the Central bus station, to the left of the entrance.
  • 2 Вечный Зов, Lenin Street. Convenience store next to the fire station. They have a variety of drinks, biscuits, and food. During summer months they also have some ice cream!

Cenderamata

With tourism in the Exclusion Zone booming after the 2019 HBO series on the Chernobyl accident, it is no surprise that a variety of nuclear themed souvenirs are available. The most popular ones are t-shirts, mugs, and coins. They can be purchased in most shops and restaurants in Chernobyl town.

Nuclear themed t-shirts and mugs for sale
  • 3 RadioProActive, Чорнобильінтерінформ, Bohdana Khmelnytskoho. A selection of shirts (male and female, various sizes) can be purchased from a vending machine. A share of the revenue is automatically donated to settlers in the Exclusion Zone. To buy mugs with a trefoil logo on it, ask at the bar. They also sell some post cards, but usually no stamps. 500 грн.
  • 4 Tamianske, Radianska 74. Copper or gold plated commemorative coins with a trefoil embossed on the face side and the iconic chimney of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on the back side. 40 грн.
Nuclear themed t-shirts
  • 5 Community Centre, Rabkorovska. Various nuclear themed t-shirts and other memorabilia.

Makan

There are no formal restaurants or snack bars in the Exclusion Zone, so normally all food must be brought in from outside the Exclusion Zone. If you're looking for pizza, noodles, or sushi, then your only options are restaurants outside the Exclusion Zone. There are shops selling meats, dried fish, and canned vegetables as alternative to restaurants within the Exclusion Zone.

  • 1 Desjatka, Bohdana Khmelnytskoho. Canteen for maintenance crews working in the Exclusion Zone, and occasionally also for tourists. Some guided tours stop here for lunch. When staying overnight in Chernobyl, the canteen is your only option for a warm meal.

Berries and fruits found in the forests within the Exclusion Zone all likely absorbed radioactive materials from the soil and are radioactive in varying degrees. Do not eat anything found in the Exclusion Zone. Mushrooms in particular tend to have a strong affinity towards radioactive substances and tend to accumulate respectable activity levels.

It is prohibited to consume food in open air within a 10-km range around the power plant.

It is recommended by tour agencies to only consume food and drink while on the buses/cars/vans and not while out on tour, to avoid exposing the consumables to potentially radioactive dust particles in the air.

Minum

All surface water in the Exclusion Zone is unsafe for drinking or washing because of radioactive contamination of the aquifer, so assume that all lakes and rivers are polluted with radionuclides. Stick to bottled water, which in Ukraine is predominantly sparkling.

A selection of spirits for sale in a grocery store in Chernobyl

Spirits, most commonly vodka and derived alcoholic drinks, are abundantly available in every grocery store in Chernobyl and relatively cheap.

Chernobyl beer

A special Chernobyl beer is sold in select venues in Chernobyl. The beer is humorously said to improve communication between like-minded people, and helps to 'decontaminate' organisms in the Zone of Alienation. The bottles are easily recognizable by the green labels with a picture of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant after the accident printed on them.

Tidur

InterInform Agency offices, hotel, and canteen (west building).
Not your usual hotel safety placard.
  • 1 ChornobylInterinform Agency Hotel, Bohdan Khmelnytsky Blvd 1A (at the former intersection of Khmelnytsky Blvd and Polupanova Street). Daftar masuk: (by arrangement), daftar keluar: (by arrangement). ~US$40 (double occupancy), July 2011.

Visitors have one (legal) option for spending the night in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, and it is the government-run hotel in central Chernobyl. Any of the tour companies mentioned elsewhere on this page can, in principle, make bookings for visitors at the hotel as part of the process of registering the tour with the InterInform Agency. Rules are constantly in flux; if you want to stay overnight in Chernobyl, ask your tour operator about it and make sure to plan early.

If you are accustomed to lodging standards in Kyiv, you will find the InterInform Agency hotel surprisingly affordable for the level of comfort provided. The buildings are prefabricated structures installed after the 1986 accident. Many rooms are actually suites, some larger than others. Some rooms have useful amenities like refrigerators, dining tables, sofas, or dishes—luck of the draw. Each room has its own bathroom and shower. Tap water is potable. No WiFi (2011). The buildings are not air-conditioned, but (hopefully!) the windows will be unlocked and screened in the summer. The main Interinform office building has the largest suites, while the annex to the east contains more rooms and even a chapel on the first floor with faux-stained-glass windows. Radiation levels at the InterInform Hotel are close to Kyiv background.

Hotel guests are not permitted to leave the premises without an authorized guide! This includes innocuously walking 500 m down the street to buy drinks, snacks or batteries at one of the magazins. If the very-abundant police catch you out on the town without your guide, you can expect a pleasant little march over to the police station near the Lenin statue and old Dom Kulturi, where they have an open-air gazebo set up with folks like you in mind. There you'll wait in contrition until your guide retrieves you.

The InterInform Agency canteen on the ground floor of the west building offers prix fixe dining by reservation only. Reservations made when the tour is booked with InterInform are about US$10 for lunch or dinner, but if meals must be arranged on the day of service, higher prices are charged. The canteen serves three meals a day at fixed times. Dinner is a multi-course, freshly-prepared, traditional Ukrainian set meal with very large portions and typically paired with a traditional beverage like kompot; even after a day of strenuous exploration in Pripyat, it may be hard to eat all the food they bring you, at the pace they bring it. Chances are nobody will check you for contamination or remind you to wash up before eating, but that would be a very good idea to do on your own.

  • 2 Hotel 10, Kirova St. Refurbished Soviet-era barracks used as basic accommodation for longer stays in the Exclusion Zone. Up to 5 consecutive nights are allowed. The rooms have shared bathrooms with shower and toilet. There is a kitchen on the ground floor but no restaurant -- meals must be procured elsewhere. Probably the cheapest accommodation in the Chernobyl town. 200 грн.

Backcountry camping

As radiation levels in most of the Exclusion Zone continue to drop, backcountry camping is gaining more popularity as an alternative to spending the night in one of the designated hotels in Chernobyl town. Exploring the Exclusion Zone on foot and spending the night outdoors is probably the closest you'll ever get to a Fallout game experience. Spending the night in a tent in the world's most famous nuclear wasteland is a unique opportunity, but not for the faint of heart! It is strictly prohibited to make a camp fire due to the risk of forest fires, so electric torches are the only way to fend off wild animals—wolves and bears roam around at night. Rather than setting up your tent outside, it is recommended to set it up indoors instead, in one of the may abandoned warehouses or barns dotting the Exclusion Zone.

When traversing the Exclusion Zone off-road, make sure to bring an up-to-date radiation map, a compass, and/or rent a mobile satellite navigation system. Bring a radiation detector to verify radiation levels where you want to set up your camp, keep in mind that you'll be spending at least 6 to 8 hours here, so absorbed doses can accumulate fast. Aim for a dose rate of 10 µSv/h or lower where you set up camp. Setting up camp in or close to the Red Forest (the area with the highest radioactivity levels) is a bad idea, spending the night there may cause radiation sickness.

Kekal selamat

Urban exploration

Lihat juga: Urbex

If in Pripyat, exercise caution when entering buildings—the ground around entrances to, and inside buildings will generally be littered with broken glass, concrete and debris. Be sure to take care inside buildings as the flooring can be somewhat uneven (and sometimes unstable), handrails are missing, and elevator doors be left open with no elevator present. Watch your footing—a decent pair of shoes or boots would be a good idea. Tours are no longer allowed to enter the buildings due to an accident occurring involving a floor collapsing injuring several tourists. All visitors sign written acknowledgements of the Exclusion Zone rules, including the rules prohibiting structural access. However, it remains routine (2017) for in-depth custom tours to enter Pripyat structures and forested areas at the discretion of the guide.

Although some of the switch gear and power line infrastructure has been decommissioned after the shutdown of the 3 last reactors in the late 1990s, electrical power is supplied to the nuclear power plant site, Chernobyl, and many air quality monitoring stations from outside the Exclusion Zone. Do not touch electrical cables or other electrical infrastructure, even if they're laying on the ground, as many of these still carry live voltages.

Hidupan Liar

Withdrawal of almost all human activity from the Exclusion Zone allowed nature to retake the area. Boars and bears are common as evidenced by hoof and paw prints in mud, and might attack when they feel cornered and/or threatened. Bears particularly enjoy the shelter of abandoned buildings, so make sure to make lots of noise when approaching buildings and never obstruct the path to/from a door to provide an easy escape route for animals that feel trapped.

Packs of wolves also roam through the Exclusion Zone, have grown in numbers, and are not afraid to venture into human occupied territories like the Chernobyl town. Inhabited properties are often fenced off with tall walls to keep wolves out, and it is common for doors to be locked at night. If you decide to bring smaller dogs or other pets into the Exclusion Zone, do not leave them outside at night!

Fotografi

Rising political tensions with neighbours Belarus dan Rusia have increased security around the nuclear power plant, with armed guards at security checkpoints and patrolling soldiers a common sight in the direct proximity of the plant. Do not make photographs of the checkpoints or whoever guards them. When photographing the NSC or any of the former power plant structures, avoid putting the 2 spent fuel storage facility and its supporting structures in view, as this tends to make guards nervous. When caught, your camera might be confiscated or your SD card formatted.

Kekal sihat

Lihat juga: Nuclear tourism#Stay safe

Beside the invisible radiation danger, there are the too small to easily notice kutu, which can be encountered in abundance in grassy areas and grasslands. When bitten by a tick there is a chance of contracting Borreliosis (Lyme disease), with risk of severe permanent consequences such as paralysis of limbs. When venturing into grasslands, cover as much skin as possible (long trousers and sleeves), and wear high wellies rather than regular shoes. If you spot ticks on clothes, wipe them off before they can reach down to your skin. If red concentric circles appear after three days up to a month after visiting, you might be infected and should consult a doctor segera. Tick bites can not always be felt, so inspect your skin meticulously when undressing!

As of September 2020, there is an active rabies outbreak in the Exclusion Zone. Any contact with wild animals should be avoided, and a rabies vaccine is recommended.

Most forested areas should be avoided. Whereas areas accessible to tourists near the reactor and Pripyat generally has low radiation in most areas (but notably not in the hospital basement), forested areas may have higher levels of radiation, in part because no decontamination was attempted in those areas.

Do not ingest any material found within the exclusion zone as it may be radioactive. Food and drinks at the canteen do not come from the exclusion zone, so they should be safe.

Radiation hygiene is a very important consideration for in-depth visits, both for your safety and because radioactive contamination discovered on visitors at the Zone checkpoints is construed as prima facie evidence of rules violations (entering structures and straying from paved areas). If you go to the Zone with the goal of exploring and wallowing in the most contaminated areas (e.g. the Pripyat polyclinic or the "Red Forest"), pay attention! As of 2013, the Lelev checkpoint at the 10 km boundary is operational and all visitors must pass through the portal monitors while a police officer scans the vehicle and its interior contents with a scintillator; thus, it is no longer possible to plan on cleaning up at accommodations in Chernobyl in order to pass inspection at the 30-km boundary. You must be radiologically pristine (well, almost!) before getting back in the vehicle after going exploring. Take the following hygiene equipment, which you should have in easy reach for when you return to your vehicle:

  • Pancake thin-window Geiger-Muller survey instrument. Cover the probe with a plastic bag to avoid contaminating it.
  • Disposable gloves
  • An abundance of carbonated bottled water, purchased at one of the small stores in Chernobyl before you head out to explore
  • A cleaning brush with long bristles
  • Pocket knife for cutting contaminated spots out of shoe soles (disposable shoe covers are a nice idea but they always break)
  • Scissors for cutting contaminated hair
  • A change of clothes and/or a disposable Tyvek coverall

Wear gloves while exploring to avoid contaminating hands. After exploration in contaminated areas, remove any obviously-contaminated outerwear like coverall or gloves or street clothes and pack it out in your luggage like a good citizen (low levels of contamination on these articles will be detected by the personnel portal monitors, but will not be noticed in luggage by the wand detectors the police use). Pass the GM probe over your body slowly and identify any spots exceeding about 500 CPM. First, attempt to wash as much of the contamination in these areas off by means of water and brushing. Contaminated hair or shoelaces should simply be cut off, as washing these will prove futile. Shoe soles are sometimes resistant to washing, in which case the offending spots should be reduced by cutting off with a knife. Your goal during cleanup should be to eliminate any spots on your body where the count rate exceeds 500 CPM on the pancake instrument, with particular attention to feet and hands. Avoiding contamination in the first place would in theory be preferable, but if you're reading this, you probably didn't come to Chernobyl to sit around staying clean.

The levels of radiation on guided tours are relatively small; radiation levels in most places are less than those of being in an aircraft flying at 30,000 ft. The main danger is not in the radiation, but in particles of radioactive materials that may remain on your clothes or items. Those who actually follow the rules (stay on pavement, out of buildings) will almost never trigger the portal monitor alarms at Dytyatky and can safely ignore the in-depth "radiation hygiene" discussion above.

A lethal dose of radiation is in the range of 3–5 Sv (sieverts) (300–500 roentgens) when administered within an hour. Levels on the tour reportedly range from 0.15 to several microsieverts (µSv) per hour (fifteen to several hundred microroentgens an hour). A microsievert is one-millionth of a sievert.

Example: On a six-hour trip arranged in October 2008 the total dose was 4 microsieverts according to the meter (400 microroentgens). This was less than the total dose of the connecting two-hour flight, which was 6 microsieverts (600 microroentgens). Radiation levels by the power plant were 1.7 microsieverts per hour (170 microroentgens per hour) and they varied between 0.4 and 9.5 µSv per hour (40–950 microroentgens per hour) in the Pripyat amusement park. Thus, risks are pretty much non-existent as long as you avoid hot spots and don't get yourself contaminated.

AwasNota: Stay on roads; the radiation levels on areas covered by vegetation are significantly higher. Even more important, the risk for contamination when walking amongst vegetation is higher because it is more difficult to avoid touching or inhaling anything.

Follow common sense if you are on your own; if you see an area marked with a radiation sign, the meaning is clear: don't go there.

The International Council on Radiation Protection has a recommended annual limit of 50 mSv (5 rem) (uniform irradiation of the whole body) for nuclear plant workers.

Clinical effects are seen at 750–2,000 mSv (75–200 rem) when administered in a short time scale.

Since the levels are microsieverts (10−6) the general exposure level is very low. But it is still possible to be in contact with some very hot surfaces, so caution should be stressed.

One rem is equal to 1.07 R (roentgen), or 0.01 sieverts or 10 millisieverts.

Sambung

There was no mobile communication infrastructure in the Exclusion Zone at the time of the accident, and none has been built ever since, so don't count on wireless reception. Notable exceptions are the area around the power plant and Chernobyl, which have 3G connectivity, and are the only places where you can get online.

There are no internet cafes, and there is no postal service in the Exclusion Zone. Post cards are for sale at the canteen in Chernobyl for 15 грн, but you'll need to take them out of the Zone to post them.

Hormat

When visiting the Exclusion Zone as tourist rather than for research or scientific purposes, keep in mind that this is still a disaster area that only just started its long way toward recovery. Some of the locals have lively memories of how the accident unfolded, and almost everyone has been affected by it: people have been forced to evacuate, and many have lost relatives due to radiation induced effects.

Do not expect to be welcomed warmly into the Exclusion Zone. Tourists are only tolerated because they bring revenue into an area where virtually all other economic activities have ceased since 1986. This is not a safari park but the site of the worst civilian nuclear disaster in the history of mankind, so behave accordingly when interacting with locals. Being interested and asking questions is okay, but excitement is misplaced.

Pergi seterusnya

It's not possible to cross the border with Belarus from the Ukrainian side because the border runs through the Exclusion Zone and there are no manned border crossings. Onward travel options are:

  • Kyiv — the capital city, metropolis, with endless architectural sights and tourist attractions
  • Chernihiv — has a direct train connection with ChNPP which passes through Belarus, however there are no stations on Belorussian territory and therefore no border formalities
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